tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-106896982024-03-13T10:32:16.356-07:00Borenstein's LawMessages in a bottle tossed into the sea, seeking some semblance of "Truth," jogging my memory, not just about "legal" issues, but anything I've heard, learned, discovered, or experienced that contradicts "conventional wisdom" or "common sense," or may prove interesting or valuable.Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.comBlogger274125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-77125253700928899352020-07-03T08:19:00.000-07:002020-07-03T08:21:06.617-07:00PERFECT TWEETS<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: How’s golf going?<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: Still a challenge. When I master it I’ll quit. Shot my age then shot Ron’s age the next day.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: Haha. Can you master golf? I thought part of what was good about it is you can just get better forever?<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: Ben Hogan said he strove for perfection his whole life ... felt he hit one perfect shot, the rest (millions) imperfect.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: That’s kind of beautiful<br />I just watched Ford v Ferrari recently and there’s a simile idea expressed there about a perfect lap<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: I think that is an attraction of sport. It is easy to measure against a standard & as a physical effort gives the illusion that you can achieve perfection. The more complex the sport the greater the challenge. I am suspicious of the Olympics gymnastics when they give a 10.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: But there are also moments of almost greater than perfection. Think of some Michael Jordan plays or Roger Federer moments. Those moments are fleeting but they are somehow beyond what anyone imagined a human could even—<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: Greater than perfection? Isn’t that an oxymoron?<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: Well 10 is a score a person imagined. They set criteria based on their mental image of the best job someone could do. Sometimes for a brief moment people perform way above that level. They do something that no one imagined anyone could ever do.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: True. That’s why I watch sports. To see that rarity live if possible. The legendary greatest come close in moments. Jordan, Woods, Serena ... a very few.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: Exactly<br />You can think of it as “close to perfection” where “perfection” is some kind of platonic abstract ideal. Or you can think of it as “beyond perfection” if “perfection” is the best a human imagined it could be done<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: There’s a scene in “The Hustler” - he describes the feeling of total control over the table - the euphoria of knowing ... you can have that sense in more than games. I felt it in moments in court.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: Yeah. Peak Performance. It’s a thing in any skill that involves synthesizing experience in a real time application. I’ve felt it in drawing: hey I just drew a thing that’s a lot better than the best I thought I could do<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: Those moments are shocking - a real high.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: Yeah! Part of what game design is as a field is trying to specifically create an experience that reliably gives players that experience<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: Quite a challenge I bet<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: Yeah! You can’t do it reliably for any given player. But you can design systems that make it so that 1 of every 100 or 1000 or 10000 players has a shot at it<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MORT: I think perfection can be subjective - ie in games, if you master the highest level you can, is that enough to be perfect?<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>GREG: I agree it’s subjective but I think it’s the feeling of suddenly performing a lot better than you thought you could<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.5pt;">MORT: In golf a hole in one is the best you can do. But it isn’t really perfection-chance is involved in the 1 in 10,000 tries. You must hit it well but the difference between going into the hole and a near miss is luck. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>END.</b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica neue; font-size: 15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-11148035564664981682020-06-17T16:47:00.000-07:002020-06-17T16:47:26.108-07:00ACADEMIC RESPONSIBILITY FOR RACISM IN AMERICA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue";"><span style="font-size: large;">THE DUNNING SCHOOL: </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>HISTORIANS WHO TAUGHT RACISM</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> After the Civil War, there was a chance to alter the course of racism in America. For a brief period, the idea of restructuring southern society by granting to the freed Negroes legal rights equal to whites prevailed in Washington. Along with the 13<sup>th</sup> Amendment that freed the slaves, the 14<sup>th</sup> Amendment demanded “equal protection,” due process, and equal access to all “privileges and immunities” of citizenship. The 15<sup>th</sup> Amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In many southern states, black majorities or pluralities elected blacks to local, state and even federal offices. Coalitions of blacks and enlightened whites began to work together to try to solve the problems of reconstruction after the war’s devastation. For the first time in the south, public schools were educating black children and freed slaves, who had been forbidden by racial laws to learn to read and write. Northern abolitionists came south to teach in schools. The freedman’s bureau, that Lincoln had first proposed, helped black families to reunify after slave owners had sold spouses and children for profits. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> President Grant sent federal troops to chase down the KKK and succeeded in diminishing its grip, reducing voter intimidation, acts of terror and murder. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Congress passed a Civil Rights Act in 1875 that provided for enforcement of equal rights for blacks, including equal access to public accommodations, transportation, and jury panels.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> But the political pendulum slowed and began to reverse. The northern public turned its attention toward the economy. The industrial age and its hopes and fears now occupied the stage. The “radical” Republicans who had pushed for black equality now gave way to so-called “liberal” Republicans who wanted business to prevail. The concept of laissez-faire dominated political theory. Allow private enterprise to thrive without governmental interference and allow the states to settle their own problems as well. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Democrats attained majorities in the Congress for the first time in many years. In the presidential election of 1878, both candidates promised to end reconstruction, meaning removing federal support for civil rights. The Reconstruction Era was over. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Between 1878 and @1900, southern whites regained power, suppressed black voting, removed all blacks from any political office, and instituted Jim Crow laws that reduced blacks to a permanent subservient underclass. When the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, gave the wink to “separate but equal” education and accommodations, it held until 1954. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> De facto segregation took hold out of the south as well. Northern and midwestern cities bulged with the “great migration” of blacks seeking jobs in the revolution that was transforming America into the greatest industrial power in the history of the world. Harlem in New York was one ghetto that was repeated in every city as housing restrictions limited movement. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> To justify these actions, myths were created. The antebellum south was re-imagined as a society of gentility and honor, grace and high Christian culture. Slaves were depicted as illiterate, childlike subhumans who needed protection by white overseers, with occasional harsh punishment as children deserved. The Civil War was re-cast as the War Between the States, an effort by the Northern states to impose their values on the Southern states — that is, a fight for suppression of state’s rights. The war was lost — according to this legend — not because the South was in the wrong, but merely because of the iron boot of raw Northern power. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The myth of the nobility of “The Lost Cause” was a forerunner of the similar self-deception that afflicted Germany after World War I. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> By the start of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century, the era was ripe for academic consideration. The generation that had fought the war was aging. There was enormous amount of documentation to draw from: diaries, memoirs, the Congressional Record. The old warriors and witnesses were willing to be interviewed and give recollections, rationales, and excuses, all colored by the passage of time. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> As it happened, academia was ready with new ideas and tools. A new generation of historians were training in Europe, preparing themselves for the task. They had the chance to set the record straight — to shatter the myths and resurrect the hopes of civil rights and race relations for that and future generations. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> They didn’t do that. Instead, they perpetuated the lies and insured that the myths of white supremacy and negative racial stereotypes would be entrenched in American society — from presidents to textbooks to politics to popular culture — up until our own day, more than a century later. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The most influential of these historians was named William Archibald Dunning. He was a professor of history at Columbia University in New York. He wrote a meticulously documented treatise that argued that the Reconstruction Era’s granting of power to Negroes was, in his words, a tragic blunder. The Negro race was not capable of competent governing, and the exclusion of whites who were superior in intelligence, education and experience, led to corruption and the delay in the re-integration of the southern states into the economy of the nation. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Dunning became mentor to a generation of historians. His research methods, which used primary sources — including interviews with living witnesses — was novel and exciting to academics who heretofore had spent their lives in libraries, poring over musty documents. He was able to support his ideas with first-hand evidence by those who had witnessed the events. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> His methods became the standard for all serious historians and his students became influential in universities throughout the country as they attained positions on faculties, published, and taught succeeding generations of scholars. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> These historians became known as “The Dunning School,” not just because of their methods, but particularly in their examination of the era encompassing the Civil War, Reconstruction, and entrenchment of Jim Crow laws. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Their reporting was so powerful that their influence went beyond academia. Dunning and other historians were called to testify as experts before Congressional committees considering voting laws and other acts involving civil rights for Negroes. The Supreme Court quoted their works in decisions such as Plessy v. Ferguson that ratified the flawed notion of “separate but equal” in schools and accommodations. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Maybe even worse, they provided the intellectual support for the acceptance of white supremacy and Negro incapacity that pervades our culture. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> They wanted to apply scientific reasoning to their study of politics; hence, the new academic field they pioneered: Political Science. The irony was that the academics who applied rigorous methodology to their papers began with fundamental flaws. But in being “scientific” they stumbled into a tragic blunder of their own. They attached themselves to the powerful misguided theory of “Social Darwinism.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The lesson they derived from Darwin’s work was that of “survival of the fittest.” This notion justified the rigid class and racial power structure that put English speaking white protestant males at the top and reduced dark-skinned peoples to the bottom rung. They deduced that if man descended from apes, then Africans were closer to apes than fair-haired white people of Northern European ancestry. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The scholarly academics proceeded from the assumption that blacks were of inferior intellectual capacity. They denied that this was a matter of prejudice; instead, they “proved” it by statistics that showed clearly how few blacks had attained high intellectual standing compared to whites. These scholars failed to acknowledge the obvious fact that their reasoning was false: blacks were denied places in higher education, and so were unable to achieve the status that would, in scholarly minds, qualify as intellectual achievement. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Another reason for their flawed conclusions lies in their educational foundation. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Some were born in the south and had been weaned on tales of the Lost Cause. For e.g., James Wilford Garner – born Mississippi, studied under Dunning, became a respected professor of Political Science at U. of Pennsylvania and U. of Illiinois. All but one was white. W.E.B. Dubois was a Dunning student. His researches and writing refuting much of the Dunning conclusions about the incapacity of Negroes to govern. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> A bigger blunder was who Dunning and several of his students learned their methods from. Dunning was the first to study in Germany under <span style="color: #202122;">Heinrich Gotthard Freiherr von Treitschke. Many American scholars followed to study under the pioneer of political science and modern history research. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Although a skillful researcher, von Treitschke was also an extreme German nationalist, a virulent anti-Semite, who believed in supremacy of the Aryan race.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Treitschke argued for a strong military, colonial domination of weaker races, even genocide of “inferior peoples,” specifically Africans and those of African ancestry. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Historian Eric Foner points out the most egregious mistake the Dunning historians made. While they prided themselves on their method of using primary sources, they did not interview blacks from the period, only whites. Whites pictured themselves as victims, told lurid tales of excesses by freed blacks. They justified and minimized the role of white terror groups such as the Klan. The scholars swallowed their stories with glee. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #202122;"> </span>Thomas Dixon, Jr. was born in 1864 in North Carolina. His family were slave owners and founding members of the KKK. He hated the Radical Republicans and Reconstruction. Dixon was Scots / English on father’s side and German on mother’s side. German roots were ideological, too. German Aryan racial theories were deep in his heritage. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> He dedicated his life to preaching, teaching, and writing novels, plays and screenplays that argued passionately for white supremacy and against the idea of black civil rights. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Dixon attended Johns Hopkins U., met and became lifelong friends with another student, Woodrow Wilson, a Virginian also raised with the romantic mythology of the Lost Cause. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In 1905, Dixon’s novel, “The Clansman,” was published. He adapted it for the stage, and with D.W. Griffith, co-wrote the scenario for the movie, now titled, “The Birth of a Nation” (1915). <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Wilson screened it in the White House and was quoted as giving it high praise. “Like writing history with lightning.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Except it was more like writing history with a poison pen. It was full of malicious distortions intended to inflame passions against Reconstruction. It had black Union soldiers raping white girls. It depicted black voters as illiterate. It showed black state representatives and congressmen as watermelon eating, barefoot, and corrupt. It represented the KKK as knights who rode to defend and avenge white women and families that were victimized by freed blacks, Northern carpetbaggers, and Southern turncoat scalawags. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The novel and play had been controversial and stimulated objections by blacks and supporters of Reconstruction. The movie was far more powerful. D. W. Griffith used all of his genius as a film maker to co-write, produce and direct the epic. His skill assured that it had enormous emotional punch. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> It inspired protests by black activists wherever it played. But it also inspired a revival of the Klan, not just in the defeated South, but now all throughout the United States. By the 1920’s, the KKK was so strong that it was able to march on Washington D. C. in full regalia. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The stereotype of the illiterate Negro was fixed in popular culture. The most popular radio show of the 20’s and early 30’s was “Amos & Andy,” performed by two white actors. Blackface performances were common. Jewish performers Eddie Cantor and Al Jolson, the “Mammy Singer,” became stars by performing in blackface. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Negroes in films were invariably portrayed as servants. Many, such as Lincoln Perry (Stepin Fetchit) and Mantan Morelan (“feet don’t fail me now”) played characters who were laughed at as lazy, shiftless, unreliable cowards. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> “Gone With The Wind” was the most popular novel of the late 1930’s and the movie in 1939 was a sensation. It carried on the myth of the elegant southern way of life lost in the war to vicious Union soldiers. By depicting the heroism of the women who had been victimized by the North in the war and by northerners after the war, and by reinforcing the stereotype of Negro incompetence (Butterfly McQueen), it extended racist ideology all the way through World War II and beyond. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The solid white Democratic Party power in the south carried into the federal government. Because there was virtually a one-party system in the southern states, reelection was assured in The House and Senate. The seniority system assured these lawmakers committee chairs of strategic committees: Judiciary, Armed Services, Ways and Means, etc. They blocked any attempts at civil rights legislation. FDR, needing the southern votes to carry forward his New Deal, acquiesced to white opposition, even negating laws to end lynching. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The armed forces had always been attractive to southern whites, and by the 30’s, southern officers dominated all branches at command levels. Racial integration of the services was out of the question. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The State Department was another branch of the federal government that was attractive to southern gentlemen. As a result, the State Department was racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, and against immigration from any but Scandanavian, Germanic, W.A.S.P. populated countries. It was a bastion of isolationists. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The institutions that were responsible for maintaining the virtual apartheid system that was firmly in place included the religious establishments—almost all denominations segregated congregations—as well as politics and popular entertainment. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Central to the system was a theoretical justification. That was provided by academic scholars who saw themselves as a new breed of social scientists. They applied scientific method to their social theories that included thorough data collection and analysis, with a goal of coming to rigid, objective conclusions that were supported by evidence. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Their pretentions to scholarship and scientific methods did inestimable damage to American society and we live with the consequences today. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-60791355774427228522020-05-21T19:04:00.001-07:002020-05-21T19:06:41.836-07:00WITCH HUNTS<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5wa_Ox-13oQ/XscyzDuVjjI/AAAAAAAABK4/OjxUTUjqLF8-NN6hSlkrK47LuE8oRoNmwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/10207221866457899.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="843" data-original-width="843" height="319" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5wa_Ox-13oQ/XscyzDuVjjI/AAAAAAAABK4/OjxUTUjqLF8-NN6hSlkrK47LuE8oRoNmwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/10207221866457899.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> “A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Trials and the American Experience” by Emerson W. Baker, Oxford University Press, 2015. <o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In 1692, in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, fourteen American women and five American men were hanged after jury trials in which they had been found guilty of being witches and having “afflicted” girls and some other members of their community, in league with the devil. Another man died while being “pressed” between boards because he stubbornly would not enter a plea. Many more died in jail of disease while awaiting their trials. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Hundreds more had been accused and sent to jail for indeterminate periods; some had been “cried out on” but not charged for various reasons, some having to do with bias of the judges or politicians. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> At least fifty-five people confessed to being witches; almost all were spared execution; most named others as witches. The ones who were executed were the ones who proclaimed their innocence. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The episode dragged on until the next year, when the hysteria finally cooled. Eventually, there was the usual political backlash, an attempted cover-up, then a whitewash, and finally, an admission that it had all been a mistake. There was an apology and an attempt to provide restitution to the families of the innocent condemned victims. Substantial sums were paid out. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Today, we look back on the events in amazement, feeling superior to those ignorant superstitious people who abetted the killing, torture, and persecution of so many of their innocent neighbors. There were many causes for the “outbreak” of the witchcraft hysteria in Salem and nearby towns, a confluence of several phenomena that made it happen. It can happen again. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Although it is very unlikely that, in our enlightened age, we would fall into another spell of witchcraft mania, we certainly have and will again pursue the kind of passion that result in “witch hunts.” The tendency to seek scapegoats to blame and punish for the evils that befall us is an all too enduring human trait. A look back, therefore, may be worthwhile as lessons for us. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>THE LEGAL SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> All of the trials were conducted lawfully—that is, according to the laws and customs of the time. The judges were respected and experienced jurists who were responsive and responsible to the political hierarchy, their consciences, and popular will. The community’s political leaders were democratically elected by “freemen” who also made up the juries. All these men were educated and civilized Englishmen. Although the judges weren’t trained as lawyers, they were familiar with English legal procedures and rules. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>THE BACKGROUND: Economy / Climate / Wars<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The settlers of the time were under great stress from all sides. After the landing at Plymouth in 1620, several settlements had been founded along the coast of Massachusetts. Each was authorized by royal charter. Unlike the Jamestown settlement, they survived and even prospered—by farming, fishing, and trade with Native tribes, with the other English colonies, and with their competitors, the French to the north in Quebec province, and as far south as the Caribbean islands. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> But there were hard times, too. The climate in the 1600’s was part of what is now known as The Little Ice Age, that struck the Northern Hemisphere intermittently for three hundred years from the 1400’s. It meant bitter winters, dry summers, and consequently, as in the decade of the 1680’s, drought and famine. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> There were also wars between English settlers and Natives who allied with the French to challenge the borders. Massachusetts claimed the Maine territory as part of its colony and settled it with families that migrated from Salem and its environs (Essex County). <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> By 1690, the French and Natives were winning the border battles, rolling back English settlements, sending the surviving families back to Salem. The remnants of those families, often widowed women and children, were impoverished and depressed, adding to the financial burden of the community. Their presence was resented by many. Some in those impoverished families soon became “afflicted” victims of witches; others were accused of being witches. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>INTERNAL DISPUTES: Land / Inheritance / Status <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> There were also land disputes that played a role. Greed is universal and eternal. (In the 1930’s and 40’s, Europeans turned on their Jewish neighbors and Californians turned on their Japanese friends, and in both cases, property and businesses became available at panic prices.) In Salem, some long-standing land claims were settled by accusations of witchcraft. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In the seventy odd years since the founding, some families became wealthy and prominent, spawning political and religious leaders and losers, leading to inevitable jealousies. There was a complicated weaving of intermarriage among these families. There were losers among these families, too. Disfavored sons who resented successful older siblings, who had inherited greater shares of property from parents. Some daughters had bad marriages. Some granddaughters would denounce their grandparents as witches. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>RELIGION AND THE LAW<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Of course, the cause that seems most obvious is the religious element. The Mayflower Pilgrims of 1620 were Protestant fundamentalists who were called Puritans by their critics. Their sect was more extreme than other dissenters, demanding complete separation from, rather than merely reform of, the established Anglican Church, that they deemed to be corrupt. The Crown government was eager to get rid of them, and allowed them to emigrate to the New World, to establish a colony. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The government they set up was a theocracy, in which there was no separation between religious leaders and political government. Local laws defined violations of morals—as defined by the clergy as crimes, enforceable by punishments—from fines, to imprisonment, and death. Not only were the definitions and punishments dependent on religious interpretation, so were the rules of adjudication. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>CRIMINAL TRIAL PROCEDURE<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The witch trials were conducted in an open and formal way. Transcripts of most of them were preserved, so there is a record of the testimony of witnesses, the summations of prosecutors, and the rulings of judges. However, the English criminal law of the time did not give the accused the right to representation by a lawyer. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Great weight was given to confessions, and there were many, because the current practice permitted torture, and coercion by persuasion. Most persuasive was the promise that the accused witch would not be hanged if she (or he) repented by admitting guilt and naming other witches. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The strongest evidence against the accused was given by alleged victims who claimed to have been “afflicted” by the witch or the witch’s “specter.” The specter was believed to be a manifestation that a witch was able to project in order to be somewhere other than where her body was at any time. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The “affliction” might be “possession” but often it was vaguer than that. The victim, typically an adolescent girl, would seem to have inexplicable symptoms: shaking fits, sudden unconsciousness, whirling, speaking in gibberish, uncontrollable seizures. Doctors admitted they were stumped; the causes were beyond their knowledge or experience. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> When in doubt about the cause of a strange phenomenon, the traditional response is to turn to God. If AIDS and Covid-19 can be ascribed to “God’s will” by many in the 21<sup>st</sup> Century, it should be no mystery why it was believed by a vast majority of Christian Europeans and their transplanted colonists in the 17<sup>th</sup> Century. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The Judeo-Christian Bible is full of references to witches as associated with Satan, devil worship, and pagan rituals. For those who believed that the words of scripture were sacred and literal truths, the existence of the devil and of witches was as real as the line between goodness and evil. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> To reinforce the faith, learned ministers preached from the pulpit, using the devil and witches as more than mere metaphor for evil, but as concrete risks to those who would not follow the strict teachings of the Bible … and of course, the warnings of the Church … and its wise and saintly spokesman, the minister, himself. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In Salem, preachers warned that winter and war and drought and crop failure all were the work of the devil … or were warnings from God because of the failure of the flock to follow His laws. The Native tribesmen were called devils, and their hostility to the English settlers who had stolen their lands was considered to be the devil’s doing rather than justifiable anger.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> It so happened that Church attendance at this time was falling, partly due to an influx of non-Puritans. These included Baptists and Quakers, as well as some of the hated Catholics—influenced by the hated French. There were slaves from Haiti and other French colonies, who also practiced secret pagan rituals, such as making “poppets” or what we know as voodoo dolls. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The first woman accused of being a witch in Salem was named Tituba, a South American dark-skinned slave. To save herself, she named names—of mostly elderly Puritan women. The ones she fingered were eccentric, or different in some way. Some had been gossiped about for years as possibly being witches. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Imagine a homeless, possible mentally ill old woman living on the fringes of the community. She dresses in rags, smells rank, begs for alms, and curses those who refuse to help her. She mumbles and cackles inappropriately to herself. The children make fun of her and some are afraid of her. She is probably a widow, or a spinster, possibly one who has no relatives in the town. She has no one to defend her when the accusations fly. Perhaps she even relishes the attention she gets, admits that she hates and resents and curses others. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>LESSONS FOR A JUSTICE SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> I am always interested in legal history and the witch trials had some interesting evidentiary quirks. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The issue for the judges to decide was not whether witches did exist. That was a given: they certainly did, the Bible said so. There had been ample precedent for hundreds of years in Europe. England and even in the American colonies in the recent past, of instances of witchcraft. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The issue for the legal system was how to know if the accused was, in fact, a witch. For this they had use of experts who had written detailed treatises describing the appearance of witches, their habits, their associations and their rituals. They also devised tests that they hoped would conclusively prove the point. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In other parts of Christian Europe, going back to the Middle Ages, suspects had been tested by being dumped into a body of water. If they floated, it meant they were rejected by good spirits that resided in water (water being a symbol of purity, as in baptismal rites). If they stayed under, they were innocent. A defect in this test was that some defendants drowned to prove their innocence. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The “touch test” was deemed to be a more humane and rational test. It presumed that a witch who had afflicted a victim had the power to lift the affliction merely by touching the victim. These tests were done in open court. The afflicted young woman would be brought in to face the accused. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The girl would often go into her trance—begin convulsions or other actions that showed she was possessed. The accused witch was then ordered to touch her. The symptoms ceased immediately, thus proving guilt. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Remember, there were no defense lawyers to challenge this evidence. However, one skeptical judge ordered an experiment. He had the victim brought into the court blindfolded. He had her touched by someone else. She had no convulsions. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The prosecutor scoffed. The experts explained that the power of the witch required use of her “evil eye” to afflict. If blindfolded the girl was immune to the evil eye.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The judge then had another victim brought into court to face the accused. The convulsions began. Then the girl was blindfolded. She was touched by someone else. The convulsions stopped. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The prosecutor answered that obviously the girl was bewitched into believing that she had been touched by a witch. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The defendant was convicted and hanged. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The existence of witches was so ingrained in Christian culture that even one of the enlightened minds of the century was trapped by it. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Robert Boyle is considered to be the first modern chemist who championed the scientific method as a means to find the truth. He was also a theologian and spent much of his energy to try to use science to prove the existence of God. One of his efforts was to find a cure for the evil eye and the touch of witches. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> He never succeeded but it shows how often faith stubbornly resists all evidence. (There are trained scientists today who stubbornly try to prove creationism and those who deny climate change.)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Another courtroom example is interesting. The judges asserted that they wanted to weed out groundless charges, to distinguish between those alleged victims who really were afflicted and those who might be faking. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> There was historical precedent for fakery in this area. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In one famous case, King James I had proved that a woman who was able to spew pins from her mouth, nose, and vagina was performing tricks. In other cases—some in England, others in the colonies—girls had recanted, admitting that they had “dissembled” in order to gain some advantage, to avoid punishment, or to avenge some perceived slight. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In Salem, Mary Warren was one of the accusers. Mary was an indentured servant to John Procter and his wife. She accused them of witchcraft. She then recanted after Procter whipped her for lying. He took her before the court, and she admitted that she had made up the story. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> She then accused other girls in the court of lying as well. Lying under oath, bearing false witness, was as heinous a crime as witchcraft. The girls began to writhe, screaming that Mary was bewitched. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Mary then was arrested and put in jail as were the Procters. Now that she was safe from their beatings, Mary flipped again, now claiming that Procter had bewitched her into recanting. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The judges found Mary’s testimony to be credible despite all of this, found the Procters both guilty, and hanged them. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Mary had claimed that Procter’s “specter” had beaten her and attacked her while she was in bed. Other girls made similar claims about other men. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Historians now speculate that Procter, among other men in Salem, were abusive, beating their servants regularly. There is some evidence in diaries and other writings of sexual abuse as well. If true, it suggests motives for accusations against some of the men who were among the more powerful in the community: some ministers even. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>ENVIRONMENT / MYSOGYNY / PSYCHOGENIC ILLNESS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Although clearly, fakery played a role in the testimony, there are other explanations that historians and modern science have explored. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Some have surmised that the rye that was used to make bread might have been infested with a spore that is known to have hallucinogenic side effects. However, the evidence for this is weak, considering that everyone in the settlement ate the bread and only certain people showed symptoms, some of which were inconsistent with that poison. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Others point to the fact that most of the accusers were girls and young women who had little or no power in the male dominated and repressive society. They were doomed to be servants or drudges. Many were orphans or children of widows, without dowries, and therefore with little hope of marriages that might improve their status. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Two of the first accusers were daughters of a prominent minister, who was famous for fire and brimstone sermons, warning that the devil was rampant in the town. He was not popular, and attendance in his church was falling—and thus his salary. His daughters were facing a bleak, frightening future. Their father encouraged their revelations, publicizing them to prove he was right. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Another man, Thomas Putnam, Jr., was responsible for accusations against thirty-five people. His wife, daughter, and a servant all claimed to be afflicted. Putnam testified on their behalf, per the law’s provision that men appeared in court to represent their women.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Putnam also had a job in the court. He transcribed many witness depositions that were read to the court in order to obtain indictments. Historians who examined them note that the wording in most of these statements is almost identical. Also, some paragraphs use different inks, suggesting they were written at a later time. The passages often embellish the claims made in the early paragraphs, suggesting that Putnam was biased and creative. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> When these sorts of discrepancies are found in modern statements, such as police arrest reports, it casts substantial doubt on the veracity of the documents. The Salem courts had no trouble with any of these evidentiary problems. Perhaps allowing lawyers to intercede for the defendants might have helped. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Why did so many people show similar symptoms? Were they all faking? The symptoms of many of the victims seemed to be real enough. Were they all great actors? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Modern thought looks to other examples for medical or psychiatric explanations. For instance, in 2011, in the small upstate New York town of Le Roy, some teenage girls began showing similar bizarre symptoms: fits, tics, and other strange behavior. Although some of the girls and their families attributed the illnesses to environmental causes—nearby toxic dumps and other causes of pollution—testing eliminated those causes, partly because it only struck a few of the six hundred students at the school. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Instead, mental health experts called it “Conversion Disorder,” an ailment that had first been described in the 19<sup>th</sup> Century by pioneering psychiatrists, including Freud. The term refers to the mind’s process of dealing with mental stresses by converting them into physical ailments. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> It turns out that there were many of the same stresses in 2011 Le Roy, NY, that afflicted 1692 Salem. The town was in financial trouble due to lost industry. The future for these high schoolers was cloudy. Some were from troubled homes where parents were unemployed and depressed, divorced, or on the brink of homelessness. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The ailment strikes a small percentage of the population with severe symptoms, but it is also susceptible to the power of suggestion among peer groups. This used to be called “mass hysteria,” but that is a dated term. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Now it is called “Mass Psychogenic Illness (MPI).” Some event exposes symptoms in one person, perhaps an epileptic or psychotic episode. Another person, similarly situated, begins to break down and it spreads. Although they are a susceptible group due to the stresses involved and the nature of peer pressure, MPI isn’t limited to adolescents.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In 2004, a Canadian bus driver saw a Middle Eastern appearing man enter his bus. He stared at the man through the mirror as he drove. The driver became nauseous. The man apparently resented the attention. He left the bus, making a nasty remark, that the bus driver heard as: “It is going to be a bad day.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The driver began to vomit. Passengers, including a paramedic, came to his aid. He told them what happened and what was said. They too became sick, vomiting and sweating. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The bus was examined thoroughly for evidence of “bioterrorism,” the press calling it “the toxic bus.” But none was found; rather, it was another example of MPI. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The stresses for the girls and others in Salem were immense. In that culture, children were powerless, and females especially had little to hope for improving their lot. Many of those involved had been traumatized by the wars that caused deaths of fathers. They had been terrorized by fear of Native attacks. They had heard tales of horrible atrocities by the pagans. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> These children were imbued with a visceral terror of the devil and their parents and ministers had told them that the devil was on the loose, that he wanted their souls. But there were conflicting values at the time. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The fervor of the original settlers had diminished with the next generation. Trade and prosperity showed the power of materialism. Some of the stories the girls told included witches’ promises of wealth and fashionable clothes. They had weird dreams of Natives kidnapping them, stealing their clothes, enslaving them. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> There is no perfect answer that explains all of the known facts of the cases. Part of the problem is that historians are dependent on the written contemporary records. That record is lengthy, including depositions, trial transcripts, diaries, articles, copies of sermons and speeches. But there are many gaps in the record. And it was long, long ago. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Any finding of fact that is based on someone’s writing depends on who did the writing. As in the case of Mr. Putnam, was he impartial, or was he biased? In recounting testimony of witnesses, the transcripts are seldom verbatim. Instead they report statements or summaries of statements made by witnesses in court. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> A few question and answer transcripts show clearly that leading questions were asked, of witnesses, and in interrogation of defendants. For example:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"></span>Q: Sarah Good what evil spirit have you familiarity with? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GOOD: None. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q: Have you made no contract with the devil? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GOOD: No. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q: Why do you hurt these children? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GOOD: I do not hurt them. I scorn it. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q: Who do you employ then to do it? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GOOD: I employ no body. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q: What creature do you employ then? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GOOD: No creature but I am falsely accused. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Q: Sarah Good do you not see now what you have done why do you not tell us the truth, why do you thus torment these poor children? Good: “I do not torment them.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Witnesses weren’t separated during testimony to preclude parroting answers. The evidence is replete with instances where one “victim’s” writhing triggered another to imitate the action, and then the others followed. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>RELIGIOUS POLITICS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> One of the most ardent proponents for the trials was Reverend Samuel Parris, who pressed for indictments against women accused of bewitching his wife and daughters. Parris had a strong motive to force the issue. His church had been failing, partly due to his refusal to agree to allow “halfway covenants,” which allowed people to be members of the church without fully committing themselves. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> For months he had been preaching that the devil was rampant in the town and that God would punish Salem for its loss of religious purity. In the legal system of the time, men were authorized to testify for their wives and children. The trials vindicated his ministry. Certainly, his bias was so obvious that his questions to the females and his reporting of their responses to the court should have been doubted, if not held inadmissible.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The trials went on for many months. There were skeptics from the start, but they were in the minority. A few judges quit, in distaste for what they were experiencing. A few politicians began to sense that it had gone too far. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Some of the religious leaders began to question the doctrinal practice of relying on “spectral testimony” and then even doubted the use of “evil eye” and “touch test.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Eventually, this kind of evidence was ruled inadmissible in witch trials. More people then were acquitted. Eventually, ministers began to preach that it had all been a terrible mistake. In fact, the devil had caused the guilty verdicts and hangings. Apologies were issued; restitution in the form of money was granted to families of the innocent who were hanged or died in custody. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>MYTHOLOGY / IRONY<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> The Pilgrims, we were taught in school, fled Europe to avoid religious persecution. In the New World, they found freedom to worship as they wished. This is part of our proud heritage. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> History tells us that one of the 1620 Mayflower passengers, John Alden, married another, Priscilla Mullins. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In 1858, H.W. Longfellow imagined a romantic triangle involving them and a soldier named Miles Standish. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In reality, the Aldens had ten children. One was John Alden, Jr., who, in 1692, was one of those convicted of witchcraft. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Bathsheba Pope was a Quaker who lived among the Puritans in Salem. Bathsheba and her husband Joseph had been persecuted by the Puritans for their religious differences. To spite them, the Popes claimed to have been “afflicted” by the specters of three Puritans, including John Procter. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In 1953, Arthur Miller used Procter as a character in his drama, “The Crucible,” which he saw as a parable about the McCarthy Era red-baiting. In 1996, Daniel Day-Lewis played him in the movie. In reality, all three of those accused by the Mr. and Mrs. Pope were hanged.) <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> In another historical irony, Bathsheba’s sister, Abiah, became Benjamin Franklin’s mother. Ben, born 1706, sixteen years after the witch trials ended, became known as a leader of the American Enlightenment in the 18<sup>th</sup> Century.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Thus, only one generation separated an aunt and uncle who condemned witches from their nephew who became the next century’s vocal proponent of reason, law, and science. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-83566436264671199522019-09-14T12:58:00.003-07:002019-09-14T12:58:58.336-07:00LINCOLN: THE LAWYER AS PRESIDENT<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;">I have
written about Abraham Lincoln’s career as a criminal defense lawyer. When he
became president there were many occasions when he had to exercise his skills
and training for that profession. His approach to problems as reflected in his
speeches and writings was “lawyerly.” First, he articulated the issues, and
then he fairly stated the evidence and arguments from each side of the case.
Finally he would eloquently give his point of view, and support his decision,
often citing precedent, but always relying on the force of the evidence that
persuaded him. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As
president, he had to decide whether to pardon individuals who were condemned to
death. The <u>Constitution</u> (Art. II, Sec. 2) gives the President plenary power to grant
a pardon for federal offenses. There is no appeal from his final decision. He
is the court of last resort. This power was granted to the executive by the
Founding Fathers despite its historical association with monarchs, and its
obvious anti-democratic implication. (Hamilton, in <u>Federalist Papers</u>, No. 74,
explains that the severity of the criminal law (which at the time provided for
death for many offenses) needed to be mitigated. The “Chief Magistrate” as a
“man of prudence and good sense” is in the best position to determine whether
mitigation exists; his judgment should not be fettered by fears of being
overturned. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During the
Civil War, Lincoln almost invariably pardoned soldiers who were condemned to
death by military courts martial. He was susceptible to appeals from family
members, especially women pleading for their sons, husbands, or brothers, and
even for friends and acquaintances. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most
generals opposed as harmful to military discipline his grants of mercy to
soldiers condemned to death for violations of military rules. Desertion was the
most egregious offense to the militarists, but Lincoln found mitigation in most
cases. He cited the “soldier boy’s” youth, inexperience or some other human
defect to justify his order to reduce a sentence. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the
first year of the war, a soldier who slept while on guard duty was sentenced to
die as an example to other volunteers about the discipline of military life. Lincoln
first sought the expertise of military advisors, learning about the traditional
harshness of such rules. Then he received a letter from a woman on behalf of
the soldier, a fellow Vermonter. She cited as mitigation several factors,
including his youth, his unfamiliarity with the rigors of army life, his recent
illness that had weakened him, and his fatigue resulting from his exposure to
the enervating heat and humidity of Washington, D.C., so different from his
native Vermont. Her most persuasive argument was that, contrary the notion that
his execution would deter other soldiers, pardoning him would be praised by the
other raw volunteers, encouraging them to greater loyalty.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln, at
this early time in his presidency, was eager to follow military protocol. He
asked General McClellan if he might review the case and issue the pardon. This
plea from the president tickled McClellan’s ego and he did it. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The story
of this soldier was widely reported. When in 1863, he died in battle, a poem dramatizing
the events was published, inspiring a legend that added to Lincoln’s saintly
image. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But Lincoln
was no saint. There were times when he denied pardons and let executions go on.
Some soldiers deserted multiple times, re-inlisting over and over so that they
could profit by the money paid new recruits. He allowed sentences to stand for
those who committed egregious crimes, such as rape. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And then
there were the cases relating to crimes committed by civilians. Adding to
enormous burden of his role as commander-in-chief during the war, he had to
deal with these cases as well. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In one
case, a slave trader was caught with slaves chained below deck in miserable
conditions. By then the slave trade had been illegal for many years. The law
said it was punishable by death. BUT by 1861, no slave trader had ever been
caught, tried and executed in the United States. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Just as he
did in all other such cases, Lincoln ordered the trial transcript, read it and
all the letters and pleas from the man’s lawyers and family, and gave a
reprieve of one week for the condemned to make his peace with God before his
execution. That was the extent of the mercy he granted in that case. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In another
case, a resident in Norfolk, Virginia, watched “colored” Union troops marching
in the street near his home. He vocally protested their presence as “a
provocation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A white officer ordered
his arrest. He then drew a pistol and shot the officer two times, not
intending, he later claimed, to kill him. One bullet nicked an artery and the
officer died. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In his
trial before the military tribunal, he was represented by counsel who called
witnesses in his defense. However, the judges refused to allow them to argue
“temporary insanity.” (In a recent notorious case, Dan Sickles, a New York
congressman, had shot his wife’s lover and had been acquitted on the argument
that “the unwritten law” permitted revenge for the outrage to his “property,”
i.e., his wife, and that the provocation caused his temporary insanity.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the
plea was rejected, the defense lawyers withdrew and the defendant gave the
closing argument himself. As often the case, this was a bad idea; in this case
it was a disaster for him. After denying any intent to kill, he explained his
behavior: the colored troops were walking on his sidewalk in broad daylight.
Just a year ago, one or more of them might have been in his “N----- yard.” Now,
he was expected to bow before them? And when he protested and was arrested, the
officer ordered two of “them N-----s” to take him to jail. What was he to do?
What would any “man of honor” (!) do? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln
thoroughly examined the trial transcript. He rejected all arguments, but was
troubled by the possibility that a viable defense might have been denied. He
hired an “alienist,” the term then used for a mental illness expert. The doctor
examined the prisoner and gave his opinion that he was sane, both at the time
of the crime, and now. Lincoln then denied the pardon, but as in the other
case, granted a week’s reprieve to permit him to “prepare himself.”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In another infamous
case, Lincoln permitted the execution of 38 Native Americans, an act that
damages his image for many modern critics. The case is complicated. In
Minnesota, a number of young braves rebelled against white authority,
protesting the corruption of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which had long been
guilty of denying promised food and support to the tribes, and had treated them
miserably in many intolerable ways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fed
up, the young men went on a rampage. Others joined them. Some attacked whites. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Three hundred fifty (350) whites were killed
and a few white women were raped. Hundreds of the young men were captured, and
303 were sentenced to be hanged for “killing and other outrages” (meaning
rapes). </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"> Lincoln reviewed every trial — most of which barely met minimal due
process standards. He narrowed the list of condemned men down to 38,
eliminating 275 names from the list. Even though most of the braves who were
spared still had to suffer imprisonment under very harsh conditions, his action
still enraged the white population of Minnesota. Lincoln was under extreme
political pressure to reverse himself. In fact, he nearly lost the state in his
re-election campaign of 1864. When told about it, Lincoln said: “I could not
afford to hang men for votes.”<br />
<br />
[Miller, William Lee (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“<u>President
Lincoln, The Duty of a Statesman.”</u></i>] </span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-14426128218648479092019-08-29T14:28:00.000-07:002020-04-13T14:28:53.215-07:00THE MORAL ISSUES OF THE CIVIL WAR<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XulRD8zP54M/XWhDJXj1yTI/AAAAAAAABJI/srvqBXTrpM0rX7fnAXz86-qehjL2Pl6jACLcBGAs/s1600/LINCOLN%2BBUST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1002" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XulRD8zP54M/XWhDJXj1yTI/AAAAAAAABJI/srvqBXTrpM0rX7fnAXz86-qehjL2Pl6jACLcBGAs/s320/LINCOLN%2BBUST.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><u>THE MORAL ISSUES OF THE
CIVIL WAR</u></i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ten years ago I wrote a blog post titled, “</span><span style="color: #bf5105; font-family: "courier"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Was
Preservation of the Union a Moral Issue?” </span><span style="font-family: "courier"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">I knew that slavery was the gigantic moral issue
that the war resolved. I knew, of course, that although slavery had been ended,
the great issue of race was not at all solved. <o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "courier"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "courier"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"> Now, I have come across a book that makes the same point — <i>that preservation of the Union was, for Lincoln — a moral cause worthy of fighting the Civil War.</i> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Modern historians take the position that the trigger for the
Civil War had been a political dispute about power and sectionalism, about
states rights versus centralized government, about economic and social
differences between North and South, about the balance of power in Congress,
about territorial expansion. But, they insist that these issues would not have
justified the terrible carnage of the war; there had to be a higher, nobler
cause to fight and die for. That had to be the fight to free millions of
enslaved human beings. Thus, only until the Emancipation Proclamation (January
1, 1863) did the war find its true moral cause. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course, that seemed to me to be obvious. And yet, something
nagged at me. Abraham Lincoln had a long history of opposing the institution of
slavery and he had foreseen it as the issue that divided North from South. In
his debates with Douglas, he famously warned that the divided house could not
long endure “half slave and half free,” that it must some day become all one or
all the other. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But when he became president he, in his inaugural address,
promised that he would not interfere with the status quo, including a vow to
enforce the Fugitive Slave Law that the Supreme Court had upheld in the
notorious Dred Scott decision. Then, when “secession fever” struck, he said
that even if the price for preserving the union was perpetual continuation of
slavery, he would favor it.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In fact, even after he was persuaded to issue the proclamation
to free slaves, he did it for the purpose of prosecuting the war: it purported
to declare free only those slaves in the rebelling states, not those in the
slave states that had remained in the union — Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and
the newly recognized West Virginia. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, I wondered, how could Lincoln, the deepest thinker of his
age, think that preserving the union was so crucial? He must have
felt that preservation of the union was a “moral” imperative. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Why? </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> The first dictionary definition of the word “moral” is “<i>of
or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior.” </i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i> What was the great principle involved in preserving the Union?</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the time I wrote the blog, I surmised that Lincoln must have
believed that if the states were allowed to break the union apart, it would
lead to a greater calamity than that of the Civil War itself. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What could be worse than civil war? I looked at a map. In 1861
the North American continent contained Canada, Mexico, and the USA. The 13
southern states left the Union over the crisis about the territories: would new
states be slave or free? <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus, the newly independent nation of Confederate States (CSA)
would surely wish to expand into the western territories. So would the US. The
CSA was based on a “sovereign” state’s right to secede. Therefore, nothing
would prevent the CSA to disintegrate when another “critical” issue arose. And
there might well be European powers to seek a foothold on the continent now
that the USA was so weakened. Mormons might seek with their territory to be an
independent nation. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Certainly there would be conflicts, border disputes, probably many
small and maybe larger wars – to defend or to expand territory. (Remember
“bleeding Kansas,” the newspapers’ title for the misery that followed the
“popular sovereignty” law.) <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln knew Europe’s history: continual wars among neighbors,
empires challenging each other, eventual militarism, despotism, Napoleons
trying to unify states by force. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I found evidence for this awareness in the then popular notion
of “Manifest Destiny.” In the 19<sup>th</sup> Century, white Christian and
European ancestry was presumed to be superior to any other race, culture, or
people — the only race worthy of dominance on the continent. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It justified for many the expulsion of native tribes from lands
that the “pioneers” wanted. It supported a vision of a united continent.
(Ambitions in Canada were thwarted only by Great Britain’s power, but weaker
Mexico was forced by war to cede great chunks of its empire to ours: Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona and California.) <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I found further evidence of Lincoln’s understanding and
acceptance of this idea in the fact of his western pioneer roots, his legal
history defending the business of the frontier, including the railroads; and during his presidency, his support for the
continental railroad, the homestead acts, the land grant colleges of the
western states; and his avowed dream that after his terms he would take Mary to
see California.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The century following the re-union after 1865 was the most
prosperous era for the nation. While Europe continued to struggle with
dictators and wars (two of which we were forced to enter in order to secure
world peace) we remained relatively untouched by these wars. The continental US
escaped the devastation that most of the rest of the world suffered in the 20<sup>th</sup>
century and we emerged the most powerful and prosperous nation in history. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We also preserved – for the most part – the nature of our form
of government; whether called a republic or a democracy, whatever the issues that divided us from then on, we never resorted
to dictatorship, monarchy, or anarchy. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There were other prophetic words from Lincoln – these in the
address he gave in December, 1863, at the cemetery for the soldiers who fell at
Gettysburg. They died, he said, to give the nation “a new birth of freedom” and
that government of, by and for “the people” would survive. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By “a new birth of freedom” Lincoln certainly was referring to
the end of slavery, and the people’s government he thought worthy of fighting
for was certainly the republican democratic one. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><b>Now, ten years later, I began to read another of the many books
I have read about the war and about Lincoln. The book is “</b><u><i><b>President Lincoln:
The Duty of a Statesman”</b></i></u><b> by William Lee Miller. (This book was published in
2008, but I didn’t know about it when I wrote my blog post. Miller died in
2012. He was a historian and college professor who specialized in issues of
ethics and morality, from a religious and historical perspective.) <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In that book, I found many quotes that support my thesis, but
for a subtly different rationale far more articulate. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As early as July 4, 1861, Lincoln in his State of the Union
message to Congress, explaining the causes of the war that had begun in April,
expressed his motives:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“I consider the central idea pervading this struggle is the
necessity that is upon us, of proving that popular government is not an
absurdity. We must settle this question now, whether in a free government the
minority have the right to break up the government if they choose.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“[T]he real question involved . . . was whether a free and
representative government had the right and power to protect and maintain
itself. Admit the right of a minority to secede at will, and the occasion for
such secession would almost as likely be any other as the slavery
question.”<br />
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<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“[This issue] presents to the whole family of man, the question,
whether a constitutional republic, or a democracy — a government of the people,
by the same people — can, or cannot, maintain its territorial integrity, against
its own domestic foes.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Can ‘discontented individuals,’ too few in numbers to control
administration . . . break up their government, and thus practically put
an end to free government upon the earth?”<br />
<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln was, by education and inclination, a lawyer. He believed
in the rule of law, its spirit and letters. His speeches read like oral
arguments or written briefs. They use the form lawyers are still taught to
follow: State the cause (the issues), give the evidence for and against the
proposition, take a side and explain the rationale for the choice. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In his July 4, 1861 message (delivered in writing rather than
orally as was the tradition then) Lincoln first explained his (“the executive”)
actions taken while Congress was in recess. He had kept his inaugural promise
to not assail the seceding states, but when South Carolina rebels assaulted
Fort Sumter (and federal property in other states was seized), he was forced to
fight by his oath of office. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln observed that he had taken an oath to “preserve, protect,
and defend the constitution.” This presidential oath that is specified in the
constitution is more specific than the oath administered to other federal
employees (“I will support and defend....”). By adding the words “preserve” and
“protect,” the document gives the president a special duty as commander-in-chief
of the armed forces, a great responsibility toward the Constitution. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secession is by its nature, he argued, unconstitutional. Lincoln
recited history to show that the states were not “sovereign,” but only existed
as part of the United States. Before that, they all were English colonies. (The
only state that had been “sovereign” was Texas, for the brief time it declared
a republic until it begged for admission into the union as a state.) Thus, the
entire basis of the notion of “States rights” as support for secession is a false
pretext. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln next addressed the Jeffersonian notion expressed in the
Declaration of Independence that justified the Revolutionary War against
England. Reciting the basis of the current dispute, Lincoln argued that the
complaints did not rise to the level that justified revolution. They had been subjects
of negotiation, compromise, and debate since the founding, and were indeed
included in the Constitution — by insuring checks and balances of branches, by
giving states equal representation in the Senate (and by going to the
extraordinary and outrageous length of giving the slave states added votes for
those human males among their population who had no right to vote because they
were deemed to be “property”). <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As Miller puts it:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Republican government — democracy, we say now — requires a
tacit understanding between majorities and minorities. Majorities rightly
prevail, but they respect the liberty of minorities to agitate to try to
replace them; minorities have the right to express and organize in behalf of
their view, but when the votes are counted, they must acquiesce. That did not
happen in this case, and the implication was immense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“From the start, Lincoln saw a sweeping, drastic, universal
consequence to this assault upon government in the United States. This American case presented the universal
issue: </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Was there, in all republics, this inherent and fatal weakness? </i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Could
such a government be maintained against a ‘formidable’ attempt to overthrow it
from within? </i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Could it demonstrate to all the world that such a government could
have the strength to prevent a successful appeal from ballots back to bullets? </i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Put negatively, defending such a government against <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>destruction</u></i>, for the whole family
of man and for the ‘vast future also,’ was the moral purpose of Lincoln’s war.”</b></span><br />
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<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>April 13, 2020:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Recently, I found still more support for these ideas in two books by noted historians Joseph J. Ellis and H. W. Brands. Ellis’s “The Quartet” (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group), is devoted to Washington, Hamilton, Madison and Jay, the four Founding Fathers who were most responsible for the Constitution, the document that saved the republic from an early death. "Heirs of the Founders" by H.W. Brand (Knopf Doubleday), follows the next generation of leaders, including Calhoun, Clay and Webster. [All quotes are from these books.] <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>The new nation was on the verge of collapse because the Articles of Confederation had created a federal government that was too weak to keep the states together. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Washington, the hero of the war for independence, clearly grasped the central idea: namely, that the American Revolution had happened at a truly pivotal moment in history: It provided Americans with an unprecedented opportunity to become the world’s first successful republic. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>After Independence, it soon became clear to Washington, and a few others, that there was a fundamental flaw in the new nation. The fact was that the Articles of Confederation had not created a united nation. The 13 colonies that had joined together to fight the British insisted on maintaining their sovereign status. After declaring themselves United, the States, fearful of tyrannical rule, denied real power to a central government, even a democratic one. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Washington saw clearly that the weakness this caused would be fatal to the dream that he and other founding fathers had, that they could “construct a society according to political principles that maximized the prospects for personal freedom and happiness more fully than ever before.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>He understood that the time in history was ripe for this experiment in democratic republicanism, that is, a nation in which the people ruled themselves without a monarch or aristocracy. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>He also understood that if the states refused to yield power to a central authority - that is, with the power to tax, to legislate, to settle disputes, to make treaties, and to defend with an army and navy, then it would soon fall apart and fall prey to European states that craved an empire in the new world. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Washington foresaw that “the Articles were a recipe for anarchy in postwar America, destined to dissolve his legacy of American independence into a confused constellation of at best regional sovereignties, vulnerable to the predatory plans of hovering European powers.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>As early as 1783, he had expressed his fear that the promised future of a continental nation would be thwarted by these events. “…[H]is expansive vision, which eventually came to be called Manifest Destiny, was continental in scale.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>He hoped that the dream of western expansion was what would unite the states, or rather re-unite them after most had begun to abandon the idea of unity as soon as independence was won. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Once the common goal of independence had been achieved, the fractures between states and between northern and southern sections widened. South Carolina objected to Vermont’s entry as a state because it would weaken the South vis-à-vis the New England. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Washington was not alone in this realization. His wartime deputy, the young genius, Alexander Hamilton, had the same vision. Even during the war, foreseeing a post-war nation, Hamilton wrote a series of essays titled, “The Continentalist,” arguing that a strong central government was needed to insure westward expansion, with its promise of freedom, upward mobility, and wealth. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>The core mistake was to vest sovereignty in the states rather than in a federal government empowered to oversee the economy, including collecting taxes and regulating commerce, and to manage the inevitable expansion of a continental empire. As Hamilton put it, “Americans needed to think continentally.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Another American leader saw it, too. John Jay, in 1782 was in Paris negotiating the end of the war with Britain. Representatives of Spain and France which had supported the war for independence, mostly in order to weaken England, were there to mediate. One issue was where to define the borders of American vs. British territory on the American continent. Jay forcefully argued to draw the western line at the Mississippi River, which at the time was far further west than any state’s border. In doing so, he was challenging not just England’s claims, but also those of Spain and France. The English agreed to the boundaries largely to weaken Spain and France. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>As signed, it was widely seen as a major victory for the new nation. It doubled its territory, making it larger than any of the three European nations involved. Smart Europeans foresaw that it laid the foundation for an American Empire, one with nearly unlimited resources. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Thomas Jefferson also foresaw the inevitability of westward expansion. But contrary to the notions of Washington, Hamilton, and Jay, he wanted government, especially a federal government, to stay out of the way. He thought that, left alone, the free market would solve any problems. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“None other than George Washington was the first to sound the warning. ‘To suffer a wide extended country to be overrun with Land Jobbers, Speculators, Monopolizers, or even with scatter’d settiers,’ Washington declared, ‘is, in my opinion inconsistent with the wisdom and policy which our true interest dictates.’ A policy of unregulated ‘diffusion’ would be sure to generate Indian wars up and down the frontier, the kind of legal confusion over land patents that had already produced vigilante violence in Kentucky, and the likelihood that some settlers would move so far west that they would repudiate their American citizenship and set up independent states or seek support from foreign powers like Spain or Great Britain.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>This argument persuaded Jefferson to go along with the Ordinances of 1785 and 1786 that strove to protect the western lands from unbridled exploitation. The problem was that the Confederation Congress had little power to enforce its laws. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“Unless there was a viable American nation-state to join, Washington worried that the western territories would drift into the orbit of lurking European powers or go off on their own to form independent states. Washington’s great fear was that North America would become a version of Europe, a collection of coexistent sovereignties rather than a coherent nation of its own. All the evidence seemed to support the conclusion that the very term United States was becoming a preposterous illusion.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“[The] apocalyptic scenario was anarchy, the complete collapse of the confederation leading to civil wars between the states and predatory intrusions by European powers, chiefly Great Britain and Spain, eager to carve up the North American continent in the conventional imperialistic European mode. The more realistic scenario was dissolution into two or three regional confederacies that created an American version of Europe. New England would become like Scandinavia, the middle states like western Europe, the states south of the Potomac like the Mediterranean countries.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>In fact, each time there was a dispute among the states, voices were raised – in the press – that urged disunion, or withdrawal of a section of states that had more common interests than those in a foreign section. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Although they succeeded in persuading the states to send delegates to the Constitutional convention in the summer of 1787, the document it produced didn’t completely solve the problems. It was a compromise, in which the states, subject to stringent check and balances, surrendered any claims of sovereignty to the federal system - for the greater good. As the Preamble says:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”</span><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>The Preamble was written by Gouverneur Morris as head of the Committee on Style and Arrangement, that had been appointed to organize the final document. Significantly, the first draft of the first sentence was much different:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“’We the people of the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island…’ and then down the Atlantic coast on a state-by-state basis. Morris single-handedly chose to change that to ‘We the People of the United States.’ <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“This was not just a stylistic revision, for it imposed, at least verbally, a crucial and clear presumption that the rest of the document was designed to finesse: namely, that the newly created government operated directly on the whole American citizenry, not indirectly through the states.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>The Constitution, for all its defects, did not include any provision for secession of any of the states or dissolution of the whole. Between 1787 and 1861, there had been several crises in which the specter of secession had been raised, not just in the press, or rabble rousing speeches in state legislatures, but in the U.S. Senate and House as well. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>The disruption of trade caused by the War of 1812, led some New England leaders to the Hartford Convention, in which some firebrands murmured threats of secession. Before the Missouri Compromise in 1820, southerners again raised the specter of secession on the issue of westward expansion. The delicate balance of power in the Congress was maintained by Maine / Missouri as new states. But it was the future of the west that loomed dangerously. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>In 1830 it was the issue of tariffs that led to a severe crisis. South Carolina, led by VP John Calhoun, asserted the right to “nullify” the federal law. Calhoun’s rep, Sen. Robert Hayne, made a stirring speech asserting state’s rights, arguing that the Constitution was a creation of sovereign states but that “liberty” was stronger than “union.” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Sen. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts responded with a powerful rebuttal. He argued that without the Constitution was created “by the People” not the states. (“Heirs of the Founders”), quoting Webster’s speech:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“’If the government of the United States be the agent of the state governments, then they may control it, provided they can agree in the manner of controlling it. If it be the agent of the people, then the people alone can control it, restrain it, modify, or reform it.’ <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“Webster took his stand with the people. ‘It is, sir, the people’s Constitution, the people’s government; made for the people; made by the people; and answerable to the people.’ <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>“The people of America had created the national government and made it sovereign. ‘The people of the United States have declared that this Constitution shall be the supreme law. We must either admit the proposition, or dispute their authority.’” <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Webster cited the sad history of the Articles of Confederation, and the reasons why the strong “general government” was needed. The federal judiciary, not any of the states, had the power to declare a law unconstitutional. Moreover, prosperity and liberty depended on the unity of the states, that there could be no individual liberty without a strong union. Daniel Webster had deterred it by his oratory: “liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><b>Lincoln knew his history, and could easily foresee the future. His arguments against the right of the Southern states to secede had clear precedents and an unimpeachable rationale. He foresaw what a tragedy the dissolution of the Union would be for the future of continent. It was not merely a political or economic crisis, but a struggle for the hope of humankind, that a government of, by and for the People could survive internal strife. </b></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-size: 15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-33899764273190199462019-06-05T17:06:00.002-07:002019-06-05T17:28:08.321-07:00"THE MARCH OF FOLLY" By Barbara Tuchman<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OLnJDg0MMiU/SQUggguNXwI/AAAAAAAAABw/fYqZPiCcvt8JD6lAbrnh9c9aULTLW5TCACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/buttons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1163" data-original-width="1600" height="232" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OLnJDg0MMiU/SQUggguNXwI/AAAAAAAAABw/fYqZPiCcvt8JD6lAbrnh9c9aULTLW5TCACPcBGAYYCw/s320/buttons.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I began to re-read this
book (originally published in 1984, now available as an e-book on Bookbub for
$1.99) and realized that its theme fits in nicely with the one that I blabbered
about (maybe it should be “bloggered”); that is, the common folly of people who
act against their best interests. [See my posts on this blog relating to "Borenstein's Law."]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In trying to explain to my
colleagues in criminal defense why our clients act so recklessly, not just in
committing crimes, but in doing so in a manner making it likely that they will
be caught, and then dealing with the police and their lawyers in the same
foolish, self-destructive way, I concluded that it was not abnormal human
behavior — but rather, quite common — to act that way. The innocent, too, often
act in ways that make them appear to be guilty, usually out of distrust, fear,
or ignorance of the system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Using well-known examples,
I proved that even people who are intelligent, worldly, successful and rich
fall prey to the human frailty of acting contrary to their best interests,
often resulting in their downfall. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In studying the problem, I
came across several theories intended to explain this behavior. One was an
ancient Greek concept, called Akrasia . Another was the theory of Type “T” personality, relating to the craving for
thrills. A third, related cause, was lust: sexual desire for some involves a
need to dominate and to humiliate others. Literature is full of examples of
characters who risked marriages, careers, and their very lives just to insert a
bit of drama into their routine existences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Tuchman’s book gives
examples of governments that pursued policies that were clearly contrary to
their nation’s best interests, often with disastrous effects. Whether by
starting a war or other committing “wooden-headed” actions, there are so many
examples in history (as well as the quasi-history of the Bible’s descriptions
of the follies of some Hebrew kings; and the Greek "historical / mythical tale of the Trojan Horse) that Ms.
Tuchman concludes that instances of wise decision-making are harder to find.
(She does cite the example of Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin in 1979; even though
Sadat paid for it by his assassination, it ensured peace between Egypt and
Israel after 30 years of belligerence.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Tuchman poses the
hypothesis this way:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“A PHENOMENON noticeable
throughout history regardless of place or period is the pursuit by governments
of policies contrary to their own interests. Mankind, it seems, makes a poorer
performance of government than of almost any other human activity.<br /> </span><o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></o:p></i></blockquote>
<br />
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<i><o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“In this sphere, wisdom,
which may be defined as the exercise of judgment acting on experience, common
sense and available information, is less operative and more frustrated than it
should be.<br /> </span><o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></o:p></i></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“Why do holders of high
office so often act contrary to the way reason points and enlightened
self-interest suggests? Why does intelligent mental process seem so often not
to function?”</span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">[<i>Tuchman, Barbara
Wertheim, “The March of Folly” (Kindle Locations 157-161)</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“Folly or perversity”</i>, she
finds, is one kind of misgovernment, often combined with three other kinds:
<i>“tyranny or oppression;” “excessive ambition;” and “incompetence or decadence.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">She defines self-interest
as <i>“whatever conduces to the welfare or advantage of the body being governed;
folly is a policy that in these terms is counter-productive.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This definition is the
same in my thesis: the welfare or advantage to the client defines his/her
self-interest, and whatever action the client commits or decision he/she makes
contrary to that is folly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As a scholar, Tuchman
disciplines herself when she requires that to qualify as folly, the policy must
have been perceived as counter-productive in its own time, not merely by
hindsight. For her, this means judging it by the values of its own time and
place. So, she seeks evidence that contemporaries saw the problem. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Second, she demands
evidence that a <i>“feasible alternative course of action must have been
available.”</i> This also finds a parallel in my sphere. For example, my client
insisted on testifying even though I advised against it. His best chance of
acquittal was to rely on the weaknesses of eyewitness identification. But by claiming
self-defense, he had to admit his presence at the scene, thereby removing all
doubt about the ID’s and placing his dubious credibility on the line, thus assuring
his conviction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Just as I noticed that degree
of intelligence, social class, culture, or ethnicity has no bearing on whether
someone will act against his self-interest, Tuchman concludes that the same
holds true for governmental folly. Democracies may act just as foolishly as
communist regimes or fascist regimes or monarchies; all classes are susceptible
to these missteps. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">She acknowledges that
<i>“folly or perversity is inherent in individuals”</i> but she does not shrug her shoulders
to accept it in government because, she argues, the consequences of
governmental folly are so dire for humankind . . . and the planet that we
should not accept it as the norm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The practice of <i>“self-deception”</i>
is common in governments. <i>“It consists in assessing a situation in terms of
preconceived fixed notions while ignoring or rejecting any contrary signs.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Military planners have
been guilty of this many times, at the cost of millions of lives. The First
World War is a prime example. Most of Hitler’s blunders in The Second are due
to his wooden-headed refusal to adapt to the evidence of changing conditions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course, the parallels
to criminal cases are clear: I can’t count the numbers of clients who went down
in flames because they refused to accept a plea offer of a lesser crime after
being confronted with overwhelming proof of their guilt of the greater one. <i>“It
is,”</i> Tuchman writes, <i>“acting according to wish while not allowing oneself to be
deflected by the facts.”</i> Tuchman adds: <i>“The refusal to benefit from experience”</i>
is also a hallmark of this kind of wooden-headedness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I agree with that. My
client who shoplifted at the same May Company department store in which he had
been arrested six months before and was caught by the same security personnel
who remembered him is but one example in my memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Tuchman also has some
examples that do not find easy parallels in my business, but are interesting
nonetheless.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">She mentions the case of
Montezuma who led the Aztecs to their destruction by adhering to his delusion
that Cortez and his soldiers were omnipotent aliens sent by the gods to fulfill
a prophesy even after there was ample proof that they were mortals who could be
easily outnumbered and defeated by his armies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“One cannot quarrel with
religious beliefs, especially of a strange, remote, half-understood culture.
But when the beliefs become a delusion maintained against natural evidence to
the point of losing the independence of a people, they may fairly be called
folly. The category is once again wooden-headedness, in the special variety of
religious mania. It has never wrought a greater damage.”</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i> [</i></span></o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Tuchman, “The March of
Folly” (Kindle Locations 347-350). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle
Edition.]</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>
<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Although she doesn’t cite
it, I wonder if Prohibition could be seen as another example of “religious
mania” defining policy in the face of logic, common sense, and understanding of
human behavior. The impulse to enforce morality by legislation is certainly
folly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In one respect I found a
chance to quibble with the historian. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">She rightly expresses her
admiration for the class of men who we call our “founding fathers.” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“[T]hey
were fearless, high-principled, deeply versed in ancient and modern political
thought, astute and pragmatic, unafraid of experiment, and — this is
significant — ‘convinced of man’s power to improve his condition through the
use of intelligence.’” [Tuchman, (Kindle Locations 429-430)].</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">She accounts for this
amazing <i>“burst of talent from a base of only two and a half million”</i> by citing
their exposure to values of The Age of Reason. During their time, there was:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“a wide diffusion of
education, challenging economic opportunities, social mobility, training in
self-government — all these encouraged citizens to cultivate their political
aptitudes to the utmost. With the Church declining in prestige, and business,
science and art not yet offering competing fields of endeavor, statecraft
remained almost the only outlet for men of energy and purpose. Perhaps above
all the need of the moment was what evoked the response, the opportunity to
create a new political system. What could be more exciting, more likely to
summon into action men of energy and purpose?” [Tuchman, (Kindle Locations
433-437).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Two things occurred to me.
First, I recalled that the man who is thought to be one of the greatest of the
founding fathers, the epitome of all the values Tuchman ascribes to them, is
Alexander Hamilton. Despite his rationality when it came to the needs of
government, he made foolish decisions in his personal life that were disastrous
to his career ... and to his very life. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Second, most of the founding fathers were lawyers or at least had training in the English Common Law, as well as experience in legislating as members of town councils or colonial legislatures. They came from a tradition of respect for the law, and when it came to stating their case for independence, they framed their argument in rational terms, eschewing the hate-speech of violent revolution. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Once independence was gained, they approached the task of governing with the same lawyerly care, devising a Constitution and Bill of Rights that has lasted ... until now. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In concluding her first
chapter of her book which was published in 1984, Barbara Tuchman warned us
about the danger of incompetent governance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“For two centuries, the
American arrangement has always managed to right itself under pressure without
discarding the system and trying another after every crisis ... <b>Under
accelerating incompetence in America, this may change</b>. Social systems can
survive a good deal of folly when circumstances are historically favorable, or
when bungling is cushioned by large resources or absorbed by sheer size as in
the United States during its period of expansion. <b>Today, when there are no more
cushions, folly is less affordable....”</b> [Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (2011-07-20).
The March of Folly (Kindle Locations 442-444). Random House Publishing Group.
Kindle Edition.]</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sadly, enough Americans in
2016 voted against their own best interests to empower a foreign country to
manipulate our political system so as to cripple the democracy, perhaps
irrevocably. </b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier";"><o:p></o:p></span>Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-10925041514438785852019-05-16T15:54:00.000-07:002019-05-16T15:54:33.928-07:00Charlie Gessler<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">CHARLIE GESSLER<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I started as a law clerk in
the Public Defender’s office while waiting for bar exam results. My first
assignment was the “Division 20 panel,” the misdemeanor courts which were then
in the Civil Courthouse (The new CCB was not yet open.) Charlie Gessler was our
supervisor, a job the office assigned to trial lawyers as a break. I didn’t
know him then, but my first impression was that he appeared to be the model of
the sort of civil service lawyer that my generation was meant to improve upon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You see this was the late 60’s. My notion was that we were in
the office to shake things up, to start the revolution from within the system.
These older guys had to step aside. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Charlie was a bit younger than the WW II vets who were running the
office, Littlefield and Moore and others like them. But still, he was older (36)
than we were, and he looked like he was from a different generation. He was
balding with a fringe of graying hair that wasn’t long enough for the current
style. He never would wear denim suits with flared pants, boots, purple shirts
and wide patterned ties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He was pale, not tanned. He wore short sleeve white shirts and thin
ties that might have had a baby’s spit up stain. He always carried a Styrofoam
coffee cup. I guessed that he lived in a suburban home, drove a station wagon,
had 2.2 children and went to church every Sunday. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One morning I had a question for him. “I subpoenaed this doctor,
but he has a problem. He has surgeries all day and he can’t come to court.” I
had told the doctor that I understood his situation. I thought my supervisor
would say that his patients’ lives took precedence over our little misdemeanor.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Charlie was an intense listener. He pursed his lips when you
talked, sniffed breaths, moved his hand to his chin in thought. He asked me a
pertinent question. “Is he an essential witness?” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“The client is charged with possession of controlled substances.
He says the doctor prescribed them.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“All right,” Charlie said. “Tell the doctor that we will try to
work with his schedule, but if he refuses to appear we will get the judge to
send a sheriff to arrest him.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Just like that. I was shocked. It didn’t seem to fit – not my
image of the civil servant, the career public defender. My first lessons: (1)
our client comes first; and (2) maybe I was selling guys like Charlie just a
bit short. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For years, I joined those who ate in the lunchroom on the 19<sup>th</sup>
floor of the CCB. It was a tough crowd, especially when someone was in trial
and came in looking for sympathy. What they usually got was sarcasm rather than
pity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By then, Charlie was getting a ration of difficult cases. For
weeks he had been defending a client the press called “The Skidrow Slasher.”
That title should give an impression of what Charlie was facing. <span style="color: #262626;">Each
day of the trial, he faced the ever more gory details, the mounting evidence
against his client.</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span>At noon, he would come into the lunchroom, with his
usual Styrofoam coffee, unwrap a sandwich, chew, and accept the ribbing about
the miserable case he was stuck with. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“How’d it go today, Charlie?”</span><span style="color: #262626;">
From the snickering gadflies, none of whom envied Charlie his daunting task of
being pummeled into dust each day. </span><span style="color: #262626;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Charlie
shrugged, said in his usual grave yet calmly enthused voice: <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">“Had a good morning. Think I developed an
argument on the use allegation in count twenty-six.”</span> </span><span style="color: #262626;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
thought that was funny . . . until I was faced with a tough case. I
realized that the definition of wins and losses for a public defender is
relative. Charlie understood that for anyone, any lawyer, and especially a
public defender, winning meant doing the best you <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">can</i> for your client, even in the midst of a horrible case. If that
means cutting one year from multiple life sentences, so be it. You fight hard
for that one year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Charlie
Gessler earned respect the old fashioned way. One of his appointed clients was
G. Gordon Liddy, of Watergate infamy. Liddy was charged with the break-in of
Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office in L.A. He saw himself as the good soldier,
stoic and silent in loyalty to his perceived duty. He would fall on the sword
to protect his secrets. He famously held his hand over a candle to prove his
manly virtue. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Liddy
later said that of all the lawyers he knew, Charlie Gessler was the only one he
admired. To my knowledge, Charlie kept Liddy’s secrets, whatever they were. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
I was assigned to appellate, Charlie asked me to file a writ on one of his
capital cases. His client had gone to a police station to inquire about his
brother who was there as a possible witness. They were placed in an interview
room while the cop went for coffee. A hidden microphone captured incriminating
statements and Charlie filed a motion to suppress. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
wrote the brief and the California Supreme Court accepted the case.
Unfortunately, they ultimately ruled against us, deciding for the first time,
and contrary to Katz v. U.S. (which had held that the 4<sup>th</sup> Amendment
protects people, not places) that a police station is a place where no one has
a reasonable expectation of privacy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Later,
when Charlie coordinated death penalty cases, he helped me clarify my thinking
many times. His ability to listen intently and get to the gist of any problem
was his strength. He took his profession seriously and did it with pride. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Long
after the hot shots of my generation “burnt out,” some without having done
anything that really got them warm, much less burnt, Charlie Gessler kept
going. He never demanded attention or praise for doing his work. He retired
quietly. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
year I joined Charley, his wife and Mike Adelson and his wife for dinner in
Monterey at the annual Death Penalty Seminar. Both Mike and I had left the
office long ago. Charley had recently retired. We reminisced about the old days
and I realized what nostalgia was all about. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3Q9Q7qduSoE/XN3pvMidQsI/AAAAAAAABIM/1lS5Gvj3TIkC96xH7Rr6p6sYF7_ZreY2ACLcBGAs/s1600/Gessler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="698" height="222" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3Q9Q7qduSoE/XN3pvMidQsI/AAAAAAAABIM/1lS5Gvj3TIkC96xH7Rr6p6sYF7_ZreY2ACLcBGAs/s320/Gessler.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1933 - 2019 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-30314176574884347442019-04-18T14:36:00.002-07:002019-04-18T17:02:51.925-07:00A LONG RAMBLING ESSAY ABOUT TIGER WOODS AS POP ICON<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L4iZh23CFZQ/XLjkQ1ilMvI/AAAAAAAABHk/Wy4bDd7mSiQ2_SZl-twkP-M7ehIWSRydgCLcBGAs/s1600/fairway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1114" data-original-width="1600" height="222" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L4iZh23CFZQ/XLjkQ1ilMvI/AAAAAAAABHk/Wy4bDd7mSiQ2_SZl-twkP-M7ehIWSRydgCLcBGAs/s320/fairway.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Tiger Woods is just another pop icon, not a religious icon; he not "evil" and not "good," but maybe he has been resurrected. </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">PREFACE:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">First off, I don’t love
Tiger Woods. I do admire his talent and skill at playing golf. At times I have
been in awe of his brilliance at playing this sport --- or “game” if you are still
in denial that golf is, in fact, a sport. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was a small boy when I last idolized any sports hero. When the
Dodgers left Brooklyn, I was twelve, and ready to grow up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I do think Woods is a genius of a sort. He is certainly one of
the two greatest professional golfers ever, and he probably ranks among the
most proficient athletes in any sport ever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I don’t like that he accepts praise from Trump and that he, like
Michael Jordan, and unlike Ali, Curry, James, and other African Americans,
cares more about corporate image than protesting injustice. He limits his good
works to his foundation, a charity that, like so many others, exists as much to
provide a tax break and salve to his image and conscience as to do good works. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>His serial infidelities during his marriage also reflect poorly
on his character, although I don’t put him among those men who have physically
abused women. I suspect that when his father died, the boy who had always been
a work-obsessed nerd now found himself an object of desire. Risky behavior is
nothing new for celebrities. Yet, none of that excuses his actions. While the
hallmark of his golf style was thoughtfulness, his private life was
thoughtlessly reckless, resulting in the destruction of his family and
clean-cut image. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">GOODNESS VS. GREATNESS</span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, I do not think he is a very “good” person. And I am not
surprised. I have found that there is a disparity between “goodness” and
“greatness” especially in geniuses. They are almost always too selfish to be
“good” to those around them. They often disappoint spouses, offspring, friends,
and colleagues, in favor of their own obsessive striving for their goals.
Einstein, as an example, was unfaithful to his loyal wife, denied her credit
for contributions to his work, abandoned her for another, and wasn’t very kind
to his children, one of whom had what we now call special needs, needs that Einstein
for the most part ignored. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It seems to me that for many of the uniquely gifted, other human
qualities have been neglected. It is so common in history, that it may be a
requirement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">LIFE IN A BUBBLE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Woods, like other elite athletes, lived his life in a bubble,
led to believe he could not be beaten. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Woods was a golfing prodigy from the age of 2 when he appeared
on TV with Bob Hope to show off his swing. In his teens he won the junior
amateur national title 3 years in a row. He then won the US Amateur title for
another 3 years, ending while he was at Stanford. Turning pro at 20, he
signed a multi-million dollar endorsement contract with Nike and made their
famous swoosh even more common than when it adorned Jordan’s basketball shoes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Earl Woods, the father who had guided his growth, forecast that
his son would change the world, more important than Gandhi. To the media this sort of arrogant blasphemy
was seen as contrary to the supposed gentlemanly humility that the golf
community claimed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiger was raised to have a degree of self-confidence that he need not hide.
When asked by reporters what his goal was for a coming tournament, Woods habitually
had a one-word answer, “Winning.” Like the
brash Ali, he usually did what he said he would. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiger was not unlike many elite athletes in that respect. They
are raised from early in life to believe in their mission and their special
gifts. Their faith is reinforced as they climb the ziggurat, defeating all their
peers. Those few who reach the top expect to win every time, expect to be
adored by others, and they are. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That is why his spectacular fall was so dramatic. The scandal,
the revelations of sordid affairs, the rehabs and phony admissions (the hackneyed “I take full responsibility”) that we always hear and snicker at, it all seemed
so familiar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although he returned to the golf tour and did win tournaments (3
in 2012, 5 in 2013, when voted Player of the Year for the 11<sup>th</sup>
time), and was sporadically competitive in Majors, he lost 6 years: 2010-2011 to
recover from the scandal; and then 2014-2017, with injuries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instead of images of Woods making majestic swings and fist
pumps, viewers watched him writhing in pain, trying to walk and even sit,
grimacing in agony as he withdrew from tournaments time after time, a man bowed and aging
pitifully. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When he was given honorary titles, named as assistant to Ryder Cup and President’s Cup
captains, he told the young players who expressed their admiration for the old
man that he doubted that he would ever play again. Tiger’s incredible playing
career was surely over. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The arc of his career was like that of Sandy Koufax, cut short
in his prime, while we were left with what might have been. Once, they all said
he would shatter Jack’s record, win 10 Masters, win 20 or more Majors. Now, he
would never play golf again, never win any tournament again, certainly never
win another Major, much less break “Jack’s Record.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Then, incredibly, in April, 2019, Tiger Woods was in the final group
on Sunday at Augusta National in the Masters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">SUNDAY, APRIL 14, 2019</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I went into Tiger mode all weekend, but especially Sunday. Ron
asked if I wanted to watch the finals with him. I said no. I couldn’t deal with
the distractions of Laura talking about Max or food and Ron’s asides about
Nicklaus and Palmer, while I wanted to focus on each and every shot and word
spoken and each sight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, the final round began at 6 am and I watched every second
until it ended around noon and then I watched the post game shows and then the
highlights and then the replay. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sporting events provide the only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">real</i> reality show. The outcome is not scripted, not edited, not
contrived, not predictable. There are favorites, underdogs, long shots, there
are surprises, disappointments; the range of emotions is broad and deep. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is also the chance to see something you have never seen
before, something no one has ever seen before. And there is the chance to see
someone who does something that is hard to do and does it better than anyone
has done it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a child, I watched baseball games on TV, seeing Ted Williams
play his last games against the Yankees of Mantle and Berra. I watched Jackie
Robinson and the other Dodgers of the 50’s at Ebbetts Field against Stan
Musial, Hank Aaron, Roberto Clemente. Later I saw Ali, Gretsky, watched the
Celtics and Lakers and Wooden’s UCLA teams with Kareem and Walton. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the kitchen table, I recall my father talk of seeing Ruth run
the bases with his spindly legs, my grandfather talking of seeing Jack Johnson,
Dempsey, Tunney, and we watched Sugar Ray and Marciano on the black and white
little TV. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My dad loved golf. He was a self-described duffer, but he
admired Hogan, Snead, and then Palmer, Player, Nicklaus. We watched the charges
by Arnie’s Army and the black and white Masters as it turned into dazzling
color over the years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">GOLF</span></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And then there is this: I have
grown to love to play the game. It adds another dimension to my appreciation of
the watching. Part of baseball’s attraction was always that every boy and girl
had played it. I could imagine myself on the field catching fly balls, fielding
grounders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I stand on a tee, drive the ball 220 yards and feel strong and
proud, as if I still have my youth. Then I think again: the pros drive the ball the length of a football
field ahead of mine. It is awesome. Yet, we can play the same ball, use similar
clubs, play some of the same courses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I first became aware of Woods when I was sharing a law office
with two guys who played and followed the game in the 90’s. I had given it up
shortly after Greg was born and my obsession was work. I played some
racquetball for exercise and had no time for playing or even watching golf. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The other guys said that this kid, a prodigy who won 3 US
amateur titles was turning pro and might be the next Palmer or Nicklaus.
Standing in the hallway between our offices, I asked if he really was the real
deal. So many prodigies turn out to be duds. No, they assured me, this kid had
it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So I began to watch again. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The ’97 Masters was shocking. At that level, the skill variance among competitors is close. It is unusual for anyone to win by more than one or
two strokes. Woods was 21, playing his first Major as a pro ... and won by 12
strokes. He then decided to alter his swing, to get even better. He won only
once the next year, but in ’99 he won 8 times, including one Major. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Geniuses separate themselves from others in obvious and measurable ways. Einstein's breakthroughs in 1905-1910 were like that. In sport it is even more obvious, though just as rare. Babe Ruth in 1920 hit more home runs than other teams. Gretzky's records are unapproachable. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In 2000, Tiger Woods won 9 times, including the US Open by 15, the
British by 8, and won the </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">PGA</span><span style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> with his “C game” in a thrilling playoff against
some guy who was playing his once-in-his-life chance. (That is another thing
sport sometimes gives: a nobody, a journeyman, who has one moment of glory can
win against one of the greats.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When Woods won the next Masters in April 2001, he held all four
major pro tournaments. No one had ever done that, not Arnie, Jack, not even
Bobby Jones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">CABLANASIAN</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And that rose another point. Tiger’s father, Earl, was a black
man. His mother, Kutilda, was Thai. The kid described himself as “Ca-bla-na-sian,”
that is, a mix of many races. Sport often provides some kind of profound
metaphor for popular culture. Jackie Robinson is the most obvious one: the
first to break the color barrier in major league baseball when that sport was
the most popular game. Ali was an icon of the ‘60’s. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I had another childhood illusion: my Brooklyn Dodgers were
“good” against the “evil” Yankees; workers versus management, liberals versus
pinstripe conservatives; underdogs against power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">NOT A ROLE MODEL?</span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Black performers changed all sports. They brought a unique flair
to their performance that kept your eyes glued to them whenever they were on
the field or court. Jackie danced off bases, dared pitchers to throw, stole the
base — even stole home in the World Series. Then came Willie Mays, cap flying,
basket catches. Jim Brown in football exhibited power, speed, grace, elusiveness, all with a
contemptuous sneer. Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson and many others changed their
sports for the better. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">THE REALITY SHOW</span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiger Woods brought that style to the staid old rich white
gentleman’s game. He crushed opponents with a steely-eyed glare. When he sunk a
winding thirty-foot putt that no one else could hope to make, he didn’t merely
tip his cap to acknowledge the cheers, he forced a fist pump into the air like
an Ali uppercut, as if to knock the air out of the stomachs of the hundred
others trying to beat him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The crowd got it, wanted more and he “moved the needle” even
more than Arnie and his army ever did. The TV promoters loved it. The corporate
sponsors drooled. So did the other pro golfers once they noticed that where
they used to play for thousands, now they played for millions — I mean of <i>fans
AND dollars</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The tradition-soaked white establishment were appalled by Woods' shenanigans. Sure, the teenage Bobby Jones threw tantrums, but when he matured he became the perfect gentlemen, respectful and humble. Palmer, the people's hero, looked like a Pittsburgh steamfitter, but on the course he was honorable and a fine sportsman. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Woods often scared the TV director by emitting guttural curses when he missed a shot. He brought rowdy young people among the "patrons" and "galleries" of golf spectators, and they responded to his gestures with unseemly noises that shook the air. "In the hole!" they screamed on tee shots made from more than 500 yards away; when Woods finished a hole many began to move on to the next one before other golfers had their chance to play. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The reality show demands drama, an arc that takes the hero or
anti-hero from the bottom to the top and back to the bottom. In sports that arc is inevitable; whether
due to the law of regression to the mean, or the physical demands on the body,
or the mental demands on the ego, or simply the passage of time and aging, things
change and human frailties take over. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ali in decline took punches to his head that would lead to his
premature aging, Mays dropped fly balls for the Mets in is last year. These
were pitiful sights that touched us. They are intimations of our own mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One of the things that made Woods an idol was his commitment to
fitness. Palmer changed the sport in his time because he was not soft or fat,
like our image of golfers, who, like bowlers, could drink a beer and smoke a
cigarette while playing. Woods took it to a much higher level, gaining strength
and endurance and power in the gym and running miles every day. He violated the
conventional rules that said weight lifting and muscle mass was anathema to the
subtle touch and feel that golf required. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On screen he looked like an athlete, the equal of Roger Federer
or Jordan. At 6’1”, 180, he could be a defensive back in the NFL, many NFL
players said. He was admired as an equal by Federer, Jordan, Griffey. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bill James, the founder of SABR-metrics, dissected baseball
statistics with a scalpel and computer to define the greatest of all time (the
GOAT). He differentiated between those who were great for their “peak seasons”
and those who had great longevity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Golf does similarly. Palmer, for instance, won the Masters four
times, and three other Majors, but all between 1958 and 1964 when he was 35. While
he won many other tournaments, he never won another Major. (In golf, the Majors
— four big events during the summer season: the Masters, U.S. Open, British
Open, and PGA Championship — are the measure of historic superiority, partly
because they attract the best players from around the world, and the most
attention from the media. The term was first applied in the early 1900’s and
stuck.) Jack Nicklaus is considered the greatest golfer who ever lived because
he won 18 Majors, from 1962 to 1986, when he was 46 — a remarkable 24 year
span. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a child, it was reported, Woods had a poster with Nicklaus’s
picture and the Majors record on his bedroom wall. It was his goal. When he won
his first, the ’97 Masters, by 12 strokes, it struck Nicklaus and all others as
a lightning bolt. A black man (the only one in the field) won the tournament in
a place, the Augusta National in Georgia, a shrine of Southern white privilege,
the creation of Bobby Jones (who is a Southern icon as meaningful to Southern
ideals as Robert E. Lee).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Woods then went on to win fourteen Majors in the next ten years,
including the Masters three more times. He won three in one calendar year and
then the Masters at the start of the next, and so he had all four on his mantel
at once. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bobby Jones in 1930 had won the four Majors of that era (that
included two purely amateur events). The adoring press, dominated by Southern
gents like Grantland Rice, labeled it “The Grand Slam” after the bridge term
for a clean sweep. Critics now carped that Tiger’s achievement was not a true
Grand Slam because the fourth, the Masters, came the next April. Still, it has
come to be known as “The Tiger Slam,” and no one has come close to equaling it
since. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In non-Majors, Palmer won a total of 62, Nicklaus 73. By the
summer of 2008, Woods had won 65 tournaments after winning the U.S. Open that
June. But at 32, his body was beginning to fail. During the five days of the
tournament, he grimaced every time he swung, obviously in great pain. Turned
out he had broken bones in his knee. Still, he led going into the final round.
But he fell behind, limping to the end. On the 72<sup>nd</sup> hole he had to
make a difficult putt to get into a playoff (with another of the severl
journeyman that gave him the most trouble, Rocco Mediate.) He had to play
another 18 in excruciating pain, 90 holes of extraordinary golf over five days,
to win his fourteenth Major. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After rest and another procedure on his legs, he came back the
next year to win six more tournaments. But in the PGA, he lost to an another unknown
(Y.A. Yang) who had a career day, the first time he had lost a Major while
starting the final day in the lead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">NOVEMBER, 2009 - MAY, 2017</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Then, in November, a report surfaced in a tabloid that he had an
extramarital affair. His wife read it, and they argued. He left, and crashed
his car. The media exploded, and so did his marriage and his image as clean-cut
hero. It was a “Say-it-ain’t-so” moment. Corporate sponsors dropped him
quickly. He had to give a mea culpa speech that sounded as lame and scripted as
those of other famous transgressors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the next decade, Woods would suffer physical and mental
anguish. He would win more tournaments, but his back gave out. The golf swing
puts great pressure on the spine: neck, wrist, hips, and especially, back. He
played and won sporadically; some years he couldn’t play at all. He couldn’t
finish some rounds, limping off in front of TV cameras that had shown him
barely able to walk at all. Still, when he could contend, he could still win.
In 2013, he felt well enough to win six times, and was voted Player Of The
Year, the equal of MVP in team sports) for a record eleventh time (Jack won it
five times). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But then his back went out again. Over the next few years, he
tried three surgical procedures, all without success. At one point, he couldn’t
bend down to play with his children. In May, 2017, he hit the bottom. He was
arrested for DUI of a mix of painkillers and sleeping drugs while dozing in his
car on the side of a road. A mugshot of his droopy-lidded unshaved face exposed
a broken man. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was a familiar tragedy, the once-great athlete now fallen
into disgrace, mired in a self-medicated stupor, a shell of his former
greatness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the typical cry for help, the report of another rehab. He
had gone to “couples counseling” and “sex addiction” therapy to try to save his
marriage and his image — and lost both. He underwent a desperate back surgery,
spinal fusion, that sometimes, but not even most of the time, allows for
pain-free movement. He later said he did it more to allow himself to be able to
play a little with his kids, rather than to play golf again. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Woods resigned himself to a new role. He was named an assistant
in the annual team events in pro golf: the Ryder Cup and President’s Cup. And,
amazingly, while he mentored the young group of golfers who were competing,
Woods found something he had not expected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">REDEMPTION</span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiger Woods had always stood apart from his peers — if there
were any “peers.” Like Ben Hogan in his era, Woods presented a stoic presence,
usually close-mouthed, talking only of winning. He wasn’t even at his best in
these team events. His focus and energy was devoted to himself. His father had
taught him to “win for yourself, not for me or anyone else.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He did have some friends among golfers. Mark O’Meara, John Cook,
Fred Couples, who had mentored him. Notah Begay, III, his Native-American
teammate from Stanford, was a lifelong buddy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But, unlike his longtime rival, Phil Mickelson, Woods wasn’t a
back-slapping, gee whiz hail-fellow. Phil curried the crowds the way Arnie did,
making a grand show of being a good loser, something he did to Woods for a long
time. Phil’s game was like Arnie’s, mercurial and thus sporadically great,
often poor. Tiger’s game was more like Jack’s, methodical, clever, powerful but
subtle. Woods had a historic streak of “cuts” made. (Each event takes four
days: starting with up to 150 players, it is cut in half after the first two
days. Woods rarely missed a cut, grinding to make it on those rare days when he
didn’t have his best stuff.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To the media, Woods has always seemed sullen, cautious, so
protective of his image that he never admitted any vulnerability. That always
annoyed journalists, who always want a better story. Now they had one; a big
story. And he would have his comeuppance. The press jumped all over it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When he had his great fall, many critics were relieved. He had
failed the moral test, cheated on his wife, was promiscuous with many other
women. The published photos exposed something that didn’t have to be stated: he
cheated on his blond white wife with other blond Vegas “bimbos.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiger had never been a “race man” the way the Jackie or Bill
Russell or Jim Brown had been. Like Jordan, he had steered away from racial
issues. Woods idolized his father, who had been a Green Beret in Vietnam, where
he had met his second wife, Kutilda, in Thailand. Tiger was named for an army
pal of Earl’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The media now treated him as if his transgressions were as great
as O.J. Simpson’s. It seemed that the press was more offended by his mortal sin
of deceiving them than deceiving his wife. He fooled them about his image, and
now they were getting revenge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The media gloated <span style="background-color: yellow;">over</span> photos of him bending to the ground in
agony, and the final mugshot, and video of him slumped in the seat of his car
the night of his arrest were the final nails in his public relations coffin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But the public loves stories of redemption. He showed up as a
coach at the team events. Woods became friends with this new crop of stars.
Turns out, they all had idolized him when they were kids. As athletes who excelled at many sports, t</span><span style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">hey all had turned
to golf in order to emulate the Tiger they saw on TV, the dude who made the
sport cool, who looked and acted like a powerful athlete. Dustin Johnson,
Justin Thomas, Ricky Fowler, Brooks </span><span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Koepka</span></span><span style="font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> --these guys work out in gyms, bulk
up, drive the ball further than anyone, just like he did.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the needling way that athletes always show their affection
for peers, they urged the “old man” to get back into it. And his competitive
juices began to stir again. As he felt physically better toward the end of 2017
after his spinal fusion healed, he began to swing clubs. Still uncertain, he
took baby steps. In 2018, he began to play. He showed flashes of his old self,
but missed some cuts and faltered often. Gradually, he was gaining confidence
and regaining his technique. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For a time, he had stumbled when trying the subtle short shots
around the green that had been his specialty. His chunked and stubbed shots
looked amateurish, a shocking result that led some commentators to tsk-tsk with
disdain.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “He has the yips,” they insisted, applying a label that implies a
hopeless state that marked the end of many careers. Hogan and Snead each had
the “putting yips,” a mental block neither could overcome under the enormous
pressure of golf events. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The critics overlooked the possibility that Woods was learning
to play with a spine that had fused vertebrae, demanding new techniques and
denying him the hundreds of hours of practice that honed such skills. But he
persisted and found a way. His “touch” returned. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He began to drive the ball for distance, perhaps not quite the
prodigious distance of DJ or the other longest of the new kids, but respectably
long. And his short game recovered. The critics couldn’t believe it. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “But his putting
isn’t what it used to be,” they still insisted. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That was another part of the game that had set Woods apart from
all but Nicklaus. Like Jack, he was able always to control his nerves and
concentration to summon his extraordinary hand-eye coordination and skill at
predicting the slope and speed of greens under the enormous pressure — with
millions of eyes on him, with the win on the line, with hundreds of thousands
of dollars riding on it — to sink the essential putt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For stretches of time, in our memories, he never seemed to miss
an important one. From three feet, from ten feet, and much further away, he
never missed any, not when he had to make one!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The highlight reel of his putts curling from left to right and
left again, from a plateau down to a gully, at a 90° angle, and into the cup!
The crowd cheered with what came to be called “The Tiger Roar,” greater even
than those of Arnie’s Army when he was charging up the back nine. Now, he
wasn’t making those, not all of them. He three-putted more times than he used
to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And now the phrase, “used to” began to be repeated more and
more. I am familiar with it in my own life. My friends often whine, “I used to
hit the ball a long way” ... “I used to win all the time.” I tease them about
it. It is a mark of the has-been, the “used-to-be.” It is the ripest sign of
aging. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The golf pro and announcer, Johnny Miller, who himself suffered
from injuries and putting woes that ended his career, remarked that over the
age of forty, no one sinks as before. It is the start of the end. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">LIES, DAMN LIES ... AND STATISTICS</span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The stats were piled against Woods. Few in their forties have
ever won Majors. No one has come back to prominence after back surgery. No one
with the “yips” comes back to former greatness. In ’97 Woods revolutionized the
game and shocked the golf world by overpowering Augusta National. He drove the
ball so far that they had to lengthen golf courses to try to “Tiger proof”
them. He’s now lost that advantage. Statistically, he ranks far below the young
guns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Woods, also like Nicklaus, intimidated his competition. One
famously said of Jack: “He knows he is going to win; you know he is going to
win; and he knows you know he is going to win.” The same was true of Woods in
his prime. When he was in the lead, the others had no chance: he knew it, they
knew it, and he knew they knew it. Some admitted, “We are all playing for
second place.” The betting line always had Woods or ... the field. To catch
him, his steadiness forced other contenders to take risks and thus to make
mistakes. He kept pressing forward, never satisfied with just winning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He set goals. In the 2000 US Open at Pebble Beach, he entered
the final round so far ahead that he could have coasted to the win. But he
decided to play the final round with no mistakes, no bogeys, nothing worse than
par. On some holes he was at risk of missing his goal, but he grinded and never
faltered. He finished the tournament twelve under par, while his nearest
competitor was three OVER par, fifteen strokes behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now, the critics predicted, this new crop won’t be intimidated
by him. When Woods came along, the previous generation, who still had hopes of
contending — Couples, Faldo, Norman, et al — knew it was over for them. And his
contemporaries — Els, Goosen, Harrington, Garcia, Mickelson, Singh — pressed so hard
to keep up and almost always faltered under his gaze. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Playing in the same group with Woods in any tournament, but
especially a Major or one of the events created to cash in on his talent — with
fields limited to the best of the best — The Players Championship (he won
twice), the Fed Ex Cup Series (he won the first one and the third); and a series
of four annual World Golf Championships (he won 18 times). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In baseball, if you safely hit in only three of each nine at
bats, you will be in the Hall of Fame (a symbol of the rarity of excellence,
attained by only a small percent of the best players in the sport). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In golf, most pro golfers play at least 20 tournaments a year, 4
of which are Majors. If in 20 years, the pro wins 20 times, including 1 Major,
he will make the Hall of Fame. Phil Mickelson has won 45 times, including 5
Majors. He has won 7% of the time he has tried. Woods has won 23%.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> From ’96 –
’08, his win percentage was almost 40%, far ahead of anyone in history, a
statistic made even more amazing because he, unlike Phil or any other pro,
played only the event with the strongest fields on the toughest courses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">2018: THE COMEBACK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>"There are no second acts in American lives." (F. Scott Fitzgerald)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the start of 2018, the consensus among all observers, whether
gloating or saddened, whether gadflies, talking heads, or old pros, (and
including myself and others) predicted that he would never win another
tournament, much less another Major. He might continue to try in order to
placate his sponsors (Nike swoosh on hat and shirt) and keep his “brand”
afloat, and he might occasionally contend in some tournaments, but the best he
could hope would be to become another journeyman, a once-was, an average
also-ran in the field. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He began to contend in 2018, showing spurts of excellence, and
then some stretches of brilliance, and then reaching the last day with chances
to win — in the British Open on the back nine. And then at the PGA, he chased
Koepka with a final round 64 that fell just short of catching the young stud.
But neither<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Molinari </span>in the Open nor Koepka had
blinked as Tiger’s opponents used to, proof, the pundits smirked, that he no
longer could win by intimidation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The FedEx Cup Series of three grueling events, that winnows the
field from 125, down to 70, and then to the best, the hottest 30 golfers at the end
of the season, was his crucible. Woods barely qualified, barely survived, and snuck
into the final event. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He had proved that his back would hold up, that his endurance
would, at 42, allow him to make it. But against 29 of the best young athletes,
could he finish? He had been the best finisher in history, almost always
winning from in front, but now, could he do it again. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the final round of the Tour Championship, he was paired with
Rory McIlroy. Rory, 29, won 4 Majors since 2012, and is considered by many to
be the best of this “post Tiger” generation. Also in the field was Justin Rose,
Jordan Spieth, Jason Day, and Dustin Johnson. All had held number 1 in world
ranking, at least for some weeks in the "post Tiger" era. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Woods had held #1 for stretches of 5 years twice, last
ranking #1 in 2013. By 2017 he had plummeted, ranked below more than 1,000 of
the best players in the world. At the start of 2018, he was 700<sup>th</sup>. Now,
he had worked his way all the way to among the top 30.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the end of that day, the TV cameras showed him strolling up
the 18<sup>th</sup> fairway with Rory conceding his win, while hundreds of fans
marched behind and among them in a scene that made YouTube and Sportscenter
explode. Proving all the critics wrong, Tiger Woods HAD won again, beating all
the best current players, most of whom were small children in 1997. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Okay, the critics conceded. Tiger came back and won another, his
80<sup>th</sup> tournament. Impressive. He is only 2 behind Snead’s 82. But,
and it is a huge but: he still won’t ever regain dominance, never the
intimidation factor. Sure, Rory wilted at the Tour Champs, but Koepka held him
off at the PGA, and Molinari, the spunky little Italian, didn’t blink in the British
Open and took him down in the Ryder Cup when Tiger was totally whipped by
everyone, an old man wheezing to the finish. Jack’s record of 18 Majors is
still safe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Masters is the first Major of the 2018-19 golf season that
started in October. There have already been about 20 tournaments. Woods had
competed in just a few: Torrey Pines, The Players, The WGC in Mexico and the
Match Play. He hadn’t won any, and only in the Match Play had he shown any sign
that he might win again. After besting Rory, he was beaten by another unknown
face-to-face. Tiger throughout his career showed that he could beat the best,
yet at times, he might lose to a journeyman: Bob May, Y. A. Yang, and now, a
Dane, Bjeeregard. And he missed a three footer, something he never “used to”
do. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has he fallen back? Was the Tour win a one-shot deal. That is
the lesson of history. The greats may show flashes of their old greatness, but
they will never climb to the heights again. Even those who stuck by him and
believed he would win again never expected him to regain his previous
dominance. That was impossible. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And now the Masters is over. Tiger Woods, at age 43, wins his 15<sup>th</sup>
Major, 5<sup>th</sup> Masters, his 81<sup>st</sup> PGA win. For the first time,
he came from behind. In every previous Major win, he had been leading or tied
for the lead going into the final round. Critics always conceded that he is
“the best front runner ever” but he could <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">never</i>
come from behind to win a Major. That is considered a flaw, a character defect
that diminishes him in the eyes of his many critics. But now he did it. Not in
“his prime,” not when he can outdistance every other player, not when he is 20
years older than the others. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A PUNDIT EATS CROW</span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Brandon Chamblee is a former journeyman pro golfer who contended
in a few tournaments twenty years ago and won once in his career. Since then,
he has become an “expert” commentator on the Golf Channel and in articles in golf
magazines. He is a self-styled expert on the golf swing, able to expound
articulately about the differences between Hogan’s (who he idolizes as a fellow
Texan), and Jack’s, as well as Nelson’s, Snead’s ... and of course Tiger’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chamblee has made a reputation as a severe critic of Tiger:
challenging his many swing changes, citing technical flaws that he claims
reduced his efficiency, decrying his coaching changes — from Harmon to Haney to
Foley and others. Tiger, he cries, has wasted his talent, underachieved, and
frittered a chance to be the greatest of all time. He will never get the
chance again to match the GOAT, Jack Nicklaus. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Like economists, Chamblee's grasp of statistics intimidates other commentators who can't summon arguments to contest his forceful numbers-based opinions. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He can quote voluminous statistics to prove his points: that
Tiger ranks poorly in driving distance and accuracy, putting consistency, his "strokes gained' rankings in every statistical category were pathetic. Chamblee was the first
to call Tiger's chipping difficulties the “yips,” citing the history of that chronic illness to prove that
Tiger would never win again. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> Of course, </span>Chamblee pays lip service to Woods as one of the greats of the
past, but he maintains that his idols, Hogan and that other Southern gent, Bobby
Jones, were better people, and Nicklaus is the GOAT. Even when Chamblee’s adored
statistics favor Woods, he can always find another one that casts doubt and
diminishes Woods — in his firmly held opinion, which he urges as if it is gospel truth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Going into this Masters, Chamblee opined that Woods didn’t drive
or putt well enough to contend with McIlroy, his current fave, or even any of
the others. Then, when Molinari led Tiger and Finau by two strokes going into
the last day at the Masters, Chamblee cited more stats to prove that Molinari had to
win. And of course, he eagerly repeated, Tiger had never won coming from behind. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The flaw in Chamblee’s reasoning is his reliance on incomplete statistics.
Like opinion polls, they are snapshots of past performance, and only suggest,
but by no means guarantee, future outcomes (as the stock market disclaimers
always warn us). All sports rely on numbers to measure performance, and the numbers (now called analytics) often replace the judgment of experienced eyes in judging excellence and predicting outcomes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But the fact is that an aging pitcher who used to throw 100 mph can still win by guile, changing speeds, knowing the batter's weaknesses, etc. "Clutch" is a term experienced observers apply to someone who may fail under average conditions, but who, when the game is on the line, can be depended on to succeed more often than others. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> There are few analytics that can measure this value. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">GOAT TO GOAT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the tournament was over, Jack Nicklaus over the phone from
Florida, was interviewed on the show that Chamblee shares with David Duval and
Frank Nobilo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Nicklaus said he knew Tiger would win as soon as Molinari put his
tee shot in the water on hole 12 and Tiger drove his to the middle of the
green. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiger had done the smart, conservative thing, the thing that
Jack had always done under similar pressure, in order to win. Tiger, Jack
observed, had been driving poorly in prior tournaments this season, but on the back nine today, with the Masters at
stake, he drove brilliantly, hitting fairways on 13, 14, 15, and 17 with lengthy drives. Augusta is considered a "second shot course" because the approaches to the green are what separate the winner from also rans. And Tiger's iron play was the best Jack had ever seen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Once he gained the lead, his putting from long distance was
precise, allowing him to make the needed birdies and pars, and even the bogies
that kept him ahead. He made the short ones that he had not made earlier in the
year. The ones he had missed the first two days of the Masters, Jack knew, were
due to the unusual slowness of the greens after the heavy season of rains had
take the fire out of the traditionally blazing fast undulating Augusta greens. It took Tiger time to adjust. By Saturday he had figured it out. By Sunday afternoon, he had, well, Mastered them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>David Duval, who had competed for his entire career against
Tiger, had teamed with him, and had lost his #1 rank to him as well as many chances at
winning Majors, had predicted early in the week that Woods would win the
Masters. Noblilo had been in the announcer’s booth on 12 and marveled at the
outcome when Koepka, Poulter, Molinari, and Finau all made crucial mistakes
while Woods calmly took advantage and won. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chamblee was strangely subdued during the show, tight-lipped,
and unapologetic, never once uttering the admission that he had been wrong.
Woods, he grumbled, was “an enigma.” He meant that he could not understand, and
statistics could not explain, how Woods had done it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But the stats were revealing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Chamblee and others had said the
winner had to score best on the 4 par 5’s. In ’97, Woods had destroyed them,
scoring 13 under par on those holes. That was due to his driving dominance,
something he now lacks. McIlroy, Rose, DJ, Koepka, and many others outdrive him. Compared to any of them, Tiger's par 5 stats so far this year are weak. That is why he can’t win.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, in this Masters, Woods scored just 8 under par on the par 5’s, never eagled
any of them. <i>But</i> he used his precise iron game to score on the par 3’s and par
4’s, especially in the final round. Woods led the field in greens-in-regulation,
a testament to his iron game and his intelligence, as Jack Nicklaus understood.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Nicklaus, always the gentleman and good sport, repeated what he
has said before: no one wants their records broken, but he never wanted anyone,
much less Tiger, to fail due to injury. Let him try, compete, and if he beats
me, so be it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So, he joked, now that Tiger’s back, “I am shaking in my boots.”</span><span style="font-family: "courier";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "courier";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-68741599601949385572019-04-08T13:04:00.000-07:002019-04-08T13:10:12.231-07:00THE UNWANTED TOUCH<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">THE UNWANTED TOUCH<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">THE BOY COMPLAINS ... </span><br />
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">"First you say you do<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">And then you don't<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">And then you say you will<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">And then you won't<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">You're <a href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/undecided"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; text-decoration: none;">undecided</span></a>
now<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">So what are you <a href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/gonna"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; text-decoration: none;">gonna</span></a> do?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">Now you want to play<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-size: 14.0pt;">And then it's no ...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">[“Undecided,” Charlie Shavers
& Sydney Robin (1938)]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: courier;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE GIRL ANSWERS:</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: courier;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">“You don't own me<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I'm not just one of your many toys<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">You don't own me<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Don't say I can't go with other boys<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">And don't tell me what to do<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Don't tell me what to say<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">And please, when I go out with you<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Don't put me on display 'cause<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">You don't own me<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Don't try to change me in any way<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">You don't own me<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Don't tie me down 'cause I'd never stay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[Pop song first sung in 1963 by Leslie Gore (TN:
Leslie Goldstein), written by two men, John Madera and David White, has become
an feminist anthem.]</span><span style="font-family: "courier";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">AND NOW ... </span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">What should we make of the
recent controversy about Joe Biden’s habit of touching people, particularly
females, during the course of his political activities. Biden hasn’t been
accused of sexual motives in these acts, although the complainants have been
women. Rather, the “victims” feel they have been “violated” by his presumptuous
physical familiarity: hugs, shoulder grasping, kisses on a forehead or a cheek,
a nose, the back of a head. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(Apparently, Biden doesn’t
do such things to men. Perhaps he accepted the traditional double standard,
shaking hands with men, although he may have committed the modern “bro hug” as
well. At any rate, it seems that no men have come forward to complain about misbehavior
toward them.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">His defense is that he has
done this for many years without complaint; he does it to show that he cares
for individuals in a personal and emotional way, and that he is not a cold,
unfeeling politician. Once made aware that “modern sensibilities” mean that
some people — particularly women — are offended by conduct that “invades their
personal space,” he promises to find some other means to communicate his
concern for the lives of “his people.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the general legal
sense, any “unconsented touching of another person” is and has always been,
technically, a “battery,” and may be considered a tort (that is, a civil
wrong), or a crime. (An “assault” is an attempted battery.) The degree of physical
force that results from the touching is what defines the conduct as either
crime, tort, or not actionable, but merely an inappropriate violation of a
social norm. (The intent need not be to harm; the only intent needed is the
willful act of touching; i.e., not unintended or accidental.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In traditional social
situations, “incidental contact” between two persons usually occurs without
legal consequence or even without objection. First, in schools and then in
workplaces, boys and girls and men and women are pressed close together in any
number of settings: elevators, staircases, classrooms, cars and vans,
grandstands, raves, pop concerts ... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the process of
“socialization,” boys learn quite early what sort of physical contact with
girls is appropriate and what is not. While pre-adolescent touching of most body
parts is acceptable, boys and girls learn the greater limits once puberty rears
its nervous head. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The truth is that in the
past, the social field has not been level; males usually have been the aggressors,
the initiators of close contact with females, whether as a sexual probe, or, as
we have now realized, as a test or exercise of bullying power. The female, who
was the victim of this conduct, had two choices: accept the probe, in which
case she might be called a slut; or reject it, and be condemned as a prude, or
worse, a tease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(The adolescent boy was
also faced with two difficult options: if he hesitated to initiate any contact
with a girl, he was deemed by peers (girls as well as boys) to be less than
“manly;” if he forced the contact, he might be thought of as crude, a brute, a
thug.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Pop culture has a lot to
say about these interactions. Stories, jokes, songs, shows, and now social
media, have made it clear — to boys, that is — that girls (i.e. many girls)
prefer “bad boys,” i.e., the ones who are aggressive. (“Aggressive” in this
context also implies a broad spectrum of action: it may mean attentive, vocally
admiring, persistent, or clumsily “copping a feel,” rather than actually
forcibly groping or sexually assaulting.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In our culture, girls give
boys differing signals: they prefer boys to be sensitive and caring, but not
timid; girls want to know they are physically desirable and that the boy they
desire desires them. Adolescence is a time of experimentation and risk-taking,
and of fragile emotions and hormonal excitation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Over the course of my
legal career (from @1967 — now, over 50 years), I’ve seen the evolution of
attitudes toward sexual touching. Beginning with the most extreme form, rape,
the consistent trend has been to broaden the definition of the crime, to permit
wider acceptance of the “alleged victim,” to make it easier to convict, and to
increase the punishments for transgression. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(While the result has been
to reduce the chance of injustice to the victim, the lessening of demand for
greater proof has also resulted in many injustices. I am thinking of the
numerous reversals of convictions after DNA evidence disproved the claims of
women who identified the accused as their assailant.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(There are two issues in
sex cases: was the act consented to and who did it. In the ID issue case, the
fact of the crime is admitted but the identity challenged; in the other kind,
for instance, a “date rape case” in which the parties are acquainted, consent
is the contested issue.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The history of the crime
of rape is noteworthy. For most of this country’s life, it has been considered
a heinous crime, not because of the harm it does to the female, but because it is
a serious violation of a man’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">property</i>:
i.e., his woman (wife, daughter, etc.) Thus, in the Jim Crow South, a black man
accused of raping a white woman was invariably subject to death by lynching,
whether judicial or extra judicial. If a white woman consented to sex with a
black man, her only salvation was to “cry rape.” Even if everyone knew that she
was promiscuous, the honor of the men who owned her had to be upheld by the
fiction that claimed to believe her cry. After the lynching, she might then
face punishment almost as severe. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Because of the injustices
resulting from this history, the law began to demand corroboration for the
claims of rape, and permitted inquiry into the character, mental state, and
reputation of the alleged victim. Over time, this pendulum swung so far the other
way that women feared making accusations, police agencies fumbles
investigations, prosecutors half-heartedly pursued cases and females felt that
they were on trial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the 1970’s attitudes
again began to swivel. The nascent feminist movement raised consciences about
the injustice. In California, and then other states, the law was changed: no
more inquiring into the character of the “victim”, more about the character of
the accused raper; no more need to corroborate. The biggest change was the
increase of women in law enforcement: police, DA’s, judges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After the reform of the
rape law, “lesser” sexual crimes have also been reformed. “Sexual assault” has
been treated similarly to rape law, broadening the definition, and increasing
the permissible evidence to “corroborate” the alleged victim. (Even though no
corroboration of a victim’s word is needed in order to prove guilt, the law now
permits many kinds of “other acts” committed by the accused in order to
buttress the testimony of the victim.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(This is why Bill Cosby
was convicted, and why Harvey Weinstein faces criminal and civil jeopardy, as
of this writing. Although in other crimes, such as robbery, evidence of the
accusation of other such crimes is severely limited, so as to preclude the
unjust assumption that “if he did it once, he must be a bad person,” in sex
crimes the law deems that females need help. This change in the law reversed
the previous rule that warned that the uncorroborated claim of sexual assault
was hard to rebut and therefore should be viewed “with caution.”)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Cosby and Weinstein
cases are examples of the actionable forms of offensive sexual acts. (In
Weinstein’s case, some of the claims include acts that do not include physical
touching, but rather, those that fit a definition of indecent exposure, false
imprisonment, extortion, or some other offensive behavior.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But many of the newsworthy
complaints have referred to acts that probably were not actionable in law, but
were offensive enough to have serious social consequences once exposed. I am
thinking of Al Franken and others who committed “insensitive” and presumptuous
acts of touching women, apparently intended as a jest or prank. Franken, while
not prosecuted or sued, paid a very high price for his transgression, being
forced to resign from the U.S. Senate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Other men in positions of
power have been toppled by exposure of their arrogant presumptuousness toward
female colleagues. Using their relative status of superiority to tacitly coerce
consent — or at least acquiescence presumed by the lack of vocal objection —
these constitute serious acts of intimidation. They have been actionable,
forcing resignations, harassment financial settlements, and embarrassment for
the institutions affected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The number of
institutions, public and private, that have suffered from these claims is
staggering. Schools of every level, government agencies, corporations, the arts
(opera, ballet, television, movies, museums) all have been exposed. The entire
structure of male dominance and privilege has been shaken to its core. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now, I have a question as
to the next iteration of the evolutionary tree. Since the Biden controversy
relates to offensive invasions of personal space, a much broader definition of
“offensive touching,” I wonder what the next steps will be. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Mostly I wonder how a boy
or young man is expected to behave toward a girl or young woman and, just as
importantly, how she is to behave toward him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Years ago, when my son was
in college, I saw a TV documentary about an incident at Brown University. As
reported, a co-ed dorm keg party was in full swing. A co-ed who had drunk too
many beers entered a room of a boy she liked, offering a drink and inviting him
to the party. He demurred, citing the need to study in order to maintain his
scholarship status. She pursued the subject, and eventually, they had sex on
his bed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The next morning the girl
awoke with a bad hangover and worse regrets. The friend she told the story to
was shocked: she was raped! She was intoxicated and therefore unable to
consent. It is the male’s responsibility to refuse the drunken offer of sex. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Technically, that is the
law and he could have been prosecuted for rape. Apparently, he got off easily:
lost his scholarship and his Brown degree. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I was so terrified by this
story that I (only slightly kidding) concocted a questionnaire for my son to
submit to every date, insisting that he elicit written consent to any and all
potential acts, which I carefully enumerated from my vast glossary of terms. I
suggested that lawyers be “on call” for clarification and FAQ’s during the
course of the date. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Luckily, he never needed
my legal expertise in this field. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now, I shudder to think
what boys face in today’s murky social climate. Are they still expected to
initiate sexual contact? How can they dare to do so without risking accusations
of offense?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Under the present law, the
male may not presume consent from signals, or words that are anything less than
unequivocal acceptance of the offer. Further, even if consent is given, it may
be withdrawn at any point, and it is the male’s duty to “withdraw” on penalty
of violating the letter of the law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In practice, especially in
adolescence, contacts may begin slowly, and then gain momentum very quickly as
emotions take over. The female, no longer willing to be passive, must take more
responsibility for initiating any steps. The male must now control his urges,
acquiescing to the wishes of the female, no matter how ambiguously or
inconsistently she expresses hers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Should the female be
required to make her feelings known more clearly to the male? In at least early
puberty, girls are more mature than boys of the same age. Shouldn’t they be the
ones who set the boundaries in an explicit manner rather than allow it to be
shrouded in esoteric codes that the boy can scarcely be expected to interpret? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Men get it: the girl or
woman wants to be the one who decides whether she will act the prude, a tease, or
a slut — or all of these at any moment she chooses. She doesn’t want boys or
men to decide for her. Okay, how does she want boys or men to respond to this? How
is the boy to know? What if he misreads ... and is punished?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And these lyrics by Buddy DeSylva (1922), sung by Judy Garland, Diana Krall, and many others to George Gershwin's melody, is now certainly obselete—perhaps should be censored:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="Kvw2ac" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px 16px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="G1VCxe kno-fb-ctx" jsname="rdVbIe" style="margin-top: 12px;">
<div jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">"You really shouldn't have done it</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">You hadn't any right</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">I really shouldn't have let you</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Kiss me</span></span></div>
<div jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">And although it was wrong</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">I never was strong</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">So as long as you've begun it</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">And you know you shouldn't have done it</span></span></div>
<div jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Oh, do it again</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">I may cry no, no, no, no, no, but do it again</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">My lips just ache to have you take</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">The kiss that's waiting for you</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">You know if you do, you won't regret it</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Come and get it</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="G1VCxe kno-fb-ctx" jsname="wq5Syf">
<div class="iw7h9e" data-mh="-1" jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 12px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span jsname="YS01Ge">Oh, no one is near</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">I may cry oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, but no one can hear</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Mama may scold me 'cause she told me</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">It was naughty but then, please, do it again</span><br /><span jsname="YS01Ge">Yes do it again, and again and again and again and again ...</span></span></div>
<div class="xpdxpnd" data-mh="96" data-mhc="1" jsname="U8S5sf" style="-webkit-transition: max-height 0.3s; line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 0px; max-height: 96px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.3s;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-50736062385471673802018-11-17T10:06:00.001-08:002018-11-17T19:00:48.404-08:001983: A PUBLIC DEFENDER'S JOURNAL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bsQmkNkxiPo/W_DVujUvRSI/AAAAAAAABGs/SOkK3srfSkcJ0T3FvOo3c_fVu_XzfsRqACLcBGAs/s1600/duary%2B1983.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1176" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bsQmkNkxiPo/W_DVujUvRSI/AAAAAAAABGs/SOkK3srfSkcJ0T3FvOo3c_fVu_XzfsRqACLcBGAs/s320/duary%2B1983.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I was in the office of the
LA County Public Defender from 1968 (first as a law clerk), and as a lawyer from June 1970 to
July 1974. After a year traveling around the world and living near Paris, I
re-joined in July 1975. I left in January 1989. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During our travels I kept
a journal, using the red “Daily Reminder” books that we had been given to
record appointments. I transcribed the journal of out travels in <a href="http://worldjournal1974-1975.blogspot.com/?m=1">another site</a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Over the years, I
sometimes tried to keep a journal, but never did with anything like the
discipline of the travel year, when I wrote every day. But in 1983, I tried
again. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>That year was an important one for me, for my career. Recently, I found
the red book. It occurred to me that the details I described make a fairly good
record of what it was like to be a public defender that year. This is what I
wrote back then, with very little editing. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The journal recalls my experiences, that were more or less typical of that profession. I handled the "routine" cases that every felony trial PD coped with, and my journal recorded those. But that year I also got to achieve something special and lasting. Here's what I wrote so long ago:</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I am resuming this journal on October 13, 1983 with the
intent—often expressed and never faithfully followed—to write every day. It may
help this time if I limit my writings to one major subject: my cases and the
law. I’m hoping that may accomplish what I haven’t been able to do since my
trip around the world in 1974-75: concisely describe my day-to-day experiences
and thoughts in a limited space. Before I begin I should take some greater
space to re-cap the year up to October 13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It began with my re-assignment to Central Superior Court—felony
defense—after 2 ½ years in Appellate. The change was appropriate and timely. The
California Supreme Court had accepted two of my appellate cases—both death
penalty cases. I had argued one in December, 1982, and the other was set for
February, ’83. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> My only regret about the change was that I had
established an expertise in the field of law I am most interested in—capital
defense. I had achieved recognition from peers—State P.D.’s, etc., I was among
the inner circle of decision makers of strategy in this battle. I was among the
select few fighting on the edge of the new, emerging law. All quite
ego-gratifying, a fine sense of self-importance, growing more and more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Now I was to be one of the many felony deputy PD’s
handling a calendar full of routine cases. Quite a comedown. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> And to be honest, the run-of-the-mill tedium of
day-to-day criminal practice becomes overwhelming after a short time. This
would be my third tour at it. The first, ’72-74, was relieved by my trip; the
second, ’77-’80, relieved by the assignment to Appellate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I found in those earlier tours that I burned out after a
year or so, became hardened, began to feel inadequate to the increasing
caseloads of ever more serious cases, more losers than winners. But I also
realized—hoped—and was reassured that the transfer was to include the
long-awaited Grade 4 appointment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> That elusive goal had been so teasingly withheld for so
long that I had become fatalistic, ironic, and quite depressed about it. It
means money, growth, status, and a chance to do DP cases. It is a ticket to a
career. (Part of the reason for the delay was our trip; during that year, there
had been many promotions of my contemporaries.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After some more waiting, it came, I think in March. Now
that I have it, I take it for granted. It is one of those things in life that
only assume enormous importance when they are withheld. When you have it, it is
immediately taken for granted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> As a result of the promotion, I received my first capital
potential case, but more about that later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The second most significant event of the past year has
been the lessening problem of my asthma, allergies, and other respiratory
ailments. All the misery and inertia of the past eight years since returning
from the trip has been swept away since giving up the cats a year ago. The
sneezing, wheezing, coughing attacks, the drugs, the lack of energy, all gone,
so much so that I have begun smoking again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> My first response to the resumption of my trial calendar
was the sense of familiarity with the problems to be solved. The confidence of
clients, the credibility wih judges and DA’s, the fair dispo of hopeless cases.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> By now, after 10 months, I find I am much less burnt out
than at this point in my previous tours. I attribute this to greater maturity.
I am not so affected by the prospect of losing a case and my client to long
prison terms. I considered, and rejected the notion that I am callous and not
caring. I do accept failures as part of the game, an inevitable result of the
predicament of my profession. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I have been assigned to an excellent court, Judge Dion
Morrow, with a good DA, Dan Johnson—low pressure, good deals, few real
problems. As a result, I have zipped through most of my cases, settling most in
short time with few real headaches. Because this court is so good, I have had
only three jury trials in 10 months.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The first, a robbery, resulted in a conviction. Sherwood
Hedgman was the client; Florence Pickard, the judge; Dan Johnson the DA. He was
great, I was barely adequate; my client was guilty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The second was Johnny Lee Wilkes, charged with murder. He
killed a 16 year old boy who, he believed, had stolen his truck. Legally, he
was guilty of manslaughter and that is what the jury found. It was a proper
result, but unsatisfying because I had a shot at a not guilty and couldn’t get
it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The third jury trial was an ADW with GBI and robbery by my
client, Faron Green, on his homosexual roommate. The judge was Roberson, the DA
was Alan Yockelson. The jury came back NG on all counts, a good feeling because
it was the kind of case that should have been a G; the kind that a good lawyer
should occasionally win—i.e., a hopeless one. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So, only three juries, March, May, August. In between and
since, there has been much other work to do. I have had more murder cases this
tour than in all other tours combined. There was Wilkes, and then there was
Roberto Espinoza. He and his nephew got drunk. His nephew wound up dead, shot
in the forehead. The client said his nephew shot himself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After much research re. gunshot residue, the
investigation of wits, I announced ready for a court trial before Judge Morrow,
but the eyewitness, the nephew’s wife, had gone to Mexico. The Sheriff detective
thought the case was inconsequential; it was dismissed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Then came Herman Jones. Herman, a 60 year old heroin
dealer killed his young heroin addict / dealer roommate, or so it was charged.
But the DA and police couldn’t prove it, not even enough to get by a prelim.
They dismissed, tried again, and dismissed again. So Mister Jones walked out a
free man. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">My First Potential Capital Case<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Robert Earl Meekins is nineteen. He’s been arrested a
couple of times in his life, been in some trouble, but nothing to prepare him
for now. He was raised in Pacoima, the black ghetto in the Valley. He has a
large family: mother, father, brother and 7 sisters. He is not very bright,
couldn’t really get along very well in school. He was sent to forestry camp.
When he dropped out of school, he was just hanging around. He had fights with
his mother, so he went to live with a sister in South Central L.A. But soon,
she had to move; he was sent to live with an aunt and cousins. He spent his
time on the corner of 43<sup>rd</sup> street with homies—who happen to be “4-Trey Crips.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> They have enemies, the gangs from other streets. Robert
and some friends got arrested after breaking into a liquor store late at night
and stealing bottles, cigarettes and coins. Then in April, the night of a dance
at Jefferson H.S., Robert went looking for some Bloods. Robert is only 5’4” but
he had a sawed off shotgun that made him a lot bigger. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He wound up shooting a man who had gone to a liquor store
late at night. Robert was arrested when the word got around to the police and
his instantly admitted the shooting, saying that he was shot at by Bloods. But
the cops weren’t buying it. The victim was a Mexican man and it looked too much
like a botched robbery. But they didn’t have much evidence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The survivor, a friend of the victim (Mr. Bustos) didn’t
speak English, didn’t hear anyone ask for money. The dying man had nodded his
head when asked by a cop on the way to the ER whether it was a robbery. All the
cop had was experience, the word on the street, and the skill to dig. Robert
had denied it was a robbery, but he had given them the name of his “partner,” Darryl
Adams. Darryl is 16. He had been arrested with Robert on the liquor store
burglary. He is about 6 foot, but looks up to Robert, probably the only one who
ever did.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Darryl was arrested quickly and told the cops that while
he and Robert stood outside the liquor store, Robert said, “Lets rob the
Mexicans.” They followed them and Robert repeated three times, “Give me your
wallet,” while trying frantically to get his shotgun from his sleeve while the
victim pulled a knife. Then Robert shot him and they ran away. The cops
confronted Robert with this statement and he then admitted that a third person
had suggested that “the Mexicans had plenty of snaps.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The DA had some
legal problems. First, Robert’s arrest was questionable. I might be able to
suppress his statements. The second statement was taken without re-advisement
of his rights. Second, the proof of a robbery independent of Robert’s statement
came in the form of a nod when the victim was asked if it was a robbery. This
is a possible Dying Declaration, but it seemed to be very weak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Without it, there was no evidence of the corpus delecti
of a robbery. When assigned to Appeals, I had written a brief arguing that to
prove special circumstances based on a felony, the law required proof of the
corpus of the felony, not just of the homicide, contrary to the holding of the
Cantrell case which allowed the statement to show the degree once the corpus of
murder was shown. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But all this was a long shot. Bardsley and the others had
analyzed the case as an LWOPP at minimum. In fact, the consensus was that the
only reason for not get a Death verdict would be Robert’s age, nineteen, and
lack of a prior record of violence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I was first given the file, I was slightly shocked.
It had finally come after all this time—put up or shut up—“Some day I want to
try a DP case.” “That’s what it is all about.” Oh, yeah? Oh, shit. Who needs
this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> As I began to read an think about it, began to see the
issues—at least believed that I saw the issues—I felt a lot better. Then I went
to see Robert.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Sitting in the jail interview room waiting, I reviewed
the file. Then I heard the deputy call his name. I raised my hand and watched
the small boy walk slowly around the barriers toward me, hands in his pockets.
He had a sad, half-lidded dull expression I have since become familiar with. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Suddenly, it hit me: the realization that I have since
discovered is a common experience of every lawyer at such moments—the cold
chill and tingling when it hits you: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">THEY WANT TO KIL</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">L THIS PERSON . . .
TO KILL HIM . . . THEY REALLY MEAN IT! . . . THIS KID MAY DIE.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> As he walked over and I began to talk to him I knew it
would be the beginning of a long walk side by side. We would get to know each
other very well. If it went all the way, it might be the only friendship that
ever counted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I heard a story that John Moore was asked by his client
to witness his execution. He had no one else who cared anything about him. And
Moore did go and watched his client die. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> At that first interview and in the many that followed I
got to know him and what is more important in this case—as it turned out—he got
to know me, to feel that I cared about him, was on his side. He learned that I
knew my business and would fight for him with everything I had. To some degree,
I was lucky in this regard. The things I predicted turned out to be right; the
things I promised to do, I was able to do. The little things that are crucial
to laying a foundation of trust: getting phone calls, getting his jail module
changed so he would stay out of gang trouble, giving him a few dollars,
contacting his family and having them visit him and support my advice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Robert’s family was more shadowy. I talked to his
sisters, Carla and Donna. He has six others. I never got to talk to his mother.
Of course the family background would have to be further explored in exhaustive
detail if this case developed into a death case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I worked long and hard on the legal issues. We began our
investigation early, before the preliminary hearing, talking to all the
witnesses to contradict the police version of the arrest and to try to find a
witness to support Robert’s claim that the victim had a knife. We found one. A
guy said he saw the victim with a knife. But he also heard Robert demand the
wallet. Not a very good witness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> At the prelim we got a bad break. Instead of the
intelligent and fair Candace Cooper, we were sent to Mary Waters, a cold,
ignorant rubber stamp who would do all she could to make the case appear to be
strong. As expected, she denied all my carefully thought out motions and
ordered my client bound over on all charges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But still, I made crucial points. Both Dan Johnson and I
interviewed the surviving victim who told us and later testified that he heard
NO WORDS spoken by the shooter or his companion before the shooting; that is,
no one asked for a wallet. It was so dark he could ID no one. He didn’t even
see a gun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We also talked to the officer who rode in the ambulance
with the dying victim. It was only after prompting by the I/O that he “remembered”
having asked the victim, <i>“Era un robo?”</i>
and getting a nod as a response, thus establishing, however slim, evidence of
the corpus of robbery, the thread on which to hang a charge of felony-murder
and the special circumstance needed to get a death penalty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Also, the I/O, an experienced detective named Joe
Northey, became confused about the sequence of facts leading to the arrest and
statements. On my cross examination, he made critical errors about his
knowledge and intentions, giving me some more issues to chew on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Despite all this, I prepared my motion to dismiss the
charges with little hope of success. These motions are rarely granted and with
a special circumstance charge, even less likely. Few judges would dismiss such
serious charges. Even so, in this case I had a reasonable DA. Johnson was a
former cop, a long time DA who had tried capital cases and gotten death
verdicts, He was easy going, not too anxious to prove himself by aggressive
tactics. He was a wily trial lawyer, the toughest kind of DA because he was so
laid back, likely to understate rather than overly try his case. I had tried
Hedgeman against him and he had beaten my pants off—out nice guyed me by ten
miles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> What happened to Robert Meekins would greatly depend on
how Dan Johnson viewed this case. Knowing Dan, I suspected that he would not
see this case as a true capital crime, but the system assumes that all filed
spec. circs cases are capital until and unless the DA exercises discretion to
NOT seek death by filing a letter with the court informing the judge and
defense of that decision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Some thought Dan was lazy and that he would recommend
against seeking death so he could avoid the extra work. But I knew that Dan was
not lazy. Rather, he would do what was give him the fewest problems, with his
superiors and with his own sense of right and wrong. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I had to do everything I could to show Dan that the
hardest path would be to seek death, the easiest to accept a lesser plea—to a
first degree, or even a second, although the chances of a first was slight. In
the opinion of Bardsley and Rappaport when I briefed them in a meeting [they
evaluate all potential capital cases before assigning them and had labeled this
one as LWOPP at best] a 2<sup>nd</sup> degree murder was a pipe dream. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The prelim had been the first step. Though Dan had gotten
over it, he had struggled. He admitted the weakness of his case. I said, “You’ve
got real problems with this one.” He shrugged. “Don’t I know it? I don’t think
another judge would have let it get by.” Robert was upset at the prelim result.
All he understood was that he was accused of killing during a robbery. He was
steadfastly sticking to his self-defense idea: that he had to shoot because the
guy was pulling a knife. But he also insisted that the gun had gone off
accidentally while he tried to pull it out of his jacket. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He wanted to know about his friend, “Snoop.” Darryl Adams
had been charged in juvenile court and was found unfit due to the gravity of
the offense. He would have a prelim, too, and he would be a danger to Robert.
If the DA was smart, and Johnson was, he would offer Snoop immunity or at least
a sweet deal to testify. It would make sense, it would be appropriate, and it
would be devastating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> At arraignment in Superior Court in Department 100, the
next break came. The judge, Ron George [who was later elevated to the
California Supreme Court and became the Chief Justice] would keep the case
there until the DA decided whether to seek death. The decision would determine
which judge would get the assignment. That was the next critical decision that
would decide Meekins’ fate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I had thought about which judge I preferred to have the
case. I had mentally run through the list and decided that my own judge, Dion
Morrow, was my choice, in the unlikely event that I would have a choice. You
can challenge the assignment to one judge, but then you are at the mercy of the
next one. Morrow surely would be more convenient because both Dan and I worked
there every day. Morrow was a known quantity to both of us; we both trusted him
and he us. We knew how to handle him, what we could expect from him in terms of
trouble, legal calls, attitude, patience. Although he talks tough and is far
from giving away the courthouse, I knew him to be fair, street wise, and
sensible. That’s about as much as I could ask—rare qualities among the
available judges, who are mostly petty, gutless, and dull.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When Judge George asked whether the DA would seek death,
Dan said that he would recommend to his superiors that they shouldn’t seek it.
Hearing that—and on the record—made me ecstatic. It not definitive but once
having declared that opinion it would be hard for the DA office to overturn it.
I joined in and suggested that we both wanted Morrow to get the case. George
readily agreed and ordered the case transferred to Department 112.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It took a while before anything happened next. Johnson
went on vacation for the month of July. Then I went on vacation for the first
three weeks of August. I spent two days of that vacation locked in my home
office with a pack of cigarettes and all the case materials I had put together,
writing my 995 motion to dismiss. It turned out to be lengthy, complex, with
some strong arguments and more weak ones. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But I had made up my mind to throw in everything because
I wanted Morrow and Dan to be well aware of the weaknesses of their case. Even
if the motion was denied, which I thought probable because it would be easy for
the judge to say that there was enough evidence to go to a jury, he might still
view it as too weak to support a life sentence. He might push Dan into offering
a 2<sup>nd</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I got back I discovered that Darryl Adams had gone
through his prelim, represented by Ray Newman, and had been bound over on the
murder charge. Ray had been a PD and was one of the competent appointment
lawyers. We talked about the case and reached no real conclusions. Ray was busy
trying another case, so we said “Hi” in the hall on the 13<sup>th</sup> floor,
while waiting for an elevator, or in the lunchroom between cigarettes and
football or baseball talk. [Ray’s ambition was to be a sports agent. He had
made a few connections with high school and college prospects, and was putting
all his time and resources into this dream. Sadly, he was to lose that gamble.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We both knew that he could severely hurt my case by
getting a deal for his client involving testimony. But at this stage, he said,
he had not been approached by the DA and he would not approach them . . .
yet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When the day finally arrived to argue the motion I didn’t
sleep too well. There was a lot at stake. That morning I went into Morrow’s chambers
without Dan on the pretext of asking him if he was ready to hear the motion
that day. He said he was, but wouldn’t give me a clue as to his thinking. All
he said was an inscrutable, “This is a very interesting case.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I began arguing I felt I was doing okay—with Morrow
the trick was to concede the weak parts up front—take away the steam of any
negative leanings. Morrow often hadn’t made up his mind fully until he heard
arguments and listened to his own voice arguing back. I sensed that he was
listening to me, waiting to hear something that confirmed or crystallized what
he was feeling about the case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After about ten minutes I hit the mark. “That’s the
point!” he said, peering over his reading glasses. “Trustworthiness.” He
sighed. “I have no doubt that Bustos thought he was dying . . . No doubt
he thought he was shot as part of a robbery attempt. But just because he
believed it, is not enough to allow his belief into evidence that it was, in
fact, a robbery attempt. So, I find there is no evidence of a robbery
independent of the defendant’s statements.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Then he smiled slyly. “But, Mr. Borenstein, why is the
independent proof of a robbery necessary to charge special circumstances? Why
isn’t the corpus of the murder enough?” Morrow knew this issue was the key to
the argument. If he didn’t buy my position, I was a loser. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> All the arguments in my written points and authorities
were based on technical, tricky, and somewhat too clever quibbles. What was
lacking was some compelling reason—something that made sense that the judge could
see the way to doing the right thing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “Look,” I said, “the corpus rule was created to prevent
people from confessing and being punished for crimes that never occurred. The
Cantrell case says if you have a homicide and the corpus of a murder and the
confession merely makes it a first degree, then there is no danger that the
confession is to a crime that doesn’t exist. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “But the death penalty law says that you have to plead
and prove the robbery separately. That is not only to protect the accused. It
is to protect the state, the judge, everybody involved from executing someone
for a crime that never occurred. That way, a person’s perverted imagination can’t
be allowed to convert some 2<sup>nd</sup> degree murder into a death penalty.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Morrow had no response to this, except to ask the DA for
his answer. Dan Johnson merely shrugged. He all but conceded the motion, saying
he agreed with my position as to the dying declaration. Morrow had little
choice. He granted the motion, dismissing the special circs. I continued the
case for a week, then talked to Dan and got a shock. He offered manslaughter.
Without the robbery evidence, it was an unpremeditated killing, a clumsy,
reckless act. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Of course I would advise Meekins to accept the deal. But
I would have to convince him. I couldn’t do it in the lock-up at court. I would
have to go to the jail. Then I noticed that Ray Newman had been sitting in the
audience watching the argument. That could blow the whole deal. Surely he must
have realized that the weakness of the DA’s case, the lack of robbery evidence
was exactly what his client could provide. Would Johnson change his mind? He
might refile the charges and then Morrow would have to change his ruling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I greeted Ray, and was amazed and relieved when he said
he was there to talk to Morrow about billing he had submitted on a totally
unrelated case. He wasn’t even concerned with his client, Snoop, but rather on
his finances. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I went back to the office, elated about my victory and
wary about how long it would remain a win. I told Bardsley, who I had briefed
often about my strategy. He was amazed and delighted. He urged me to talk to
the client asap, and bring the case back in a plead guilty and get him
sentenced before Newman woke up and got the DA to renege.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> To my surprise, Meekins was perfectly willing to plead
guilty to manslaughter. It was a measure of just how scared he was of the idea
of the death penalty or of life without parole. Now he was being offered less,
much, much less: not even the 25 to life of a 1<sup>st</sup>, or 15 to life of
a 2<sup>nd</sup>. Rather, the maximum he faced was 8 years. It didn’t take a
great IQ to see that it was a good deal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> From a phone booth outside of the attorney interview room
I called the court and had the clerk advance the case and order Meekins in. The
next day, Dan and I stated the terms of the bargain on the record. I got
another shock: Morrow balked. “No way!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We asked for a recess and went into chambers. Morrow
railed at us. “Here’s a guy who was sitting in the chair in the gas chamber
waiting for the pill to drop. Now, he’s gonna get—what? Eight years?
Ridiculous!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But even as he said it, the judge knew that he was merely
howling. Dan reminded him of the weaknesses, and after a few more grumbles,
Morrow folded. Three weeks later, I received the probation report and was
relieved to see no glitches. On October 18, Morrow sentenced Meekins to eight
years, with credit for 273 day of time served.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The final line was not a shock: Robert moaned about that,
asked why I had not argued for less time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So much for my first capital case. As of then, I have
only one other special circumstance case . . . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">CARLOS & VILA: Celebrity and History<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I was assigned to Appellate, I was totally
uninterested in the routine fodder of PD writ and appeals: the speedy trial,
drunk driving priors case, the minutiae of misdemeanor cases over which others
became so exercised. Even the search and seizure writs that had some
intellectual interest became a boor after a few writs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> What I was aiming for was to develop expertise and
recognition in death penalty related cases. Because I had felony trial
experience that the others assigned to appeals lacked, it wasn’t hard to
convince Dennis Fischer, the brilliant head deputy, to give me the cases as
they came in. The only others with some trials under their belts were Jim
Hallet and Dean Gits. At first I had to compete with them, but I quickly carved
a niche that only I could fill. [After we each left the office, Dean Gits
brought me in as second chair to argue the penalty phase of our client, David
Brinson. Dean later became the federal public defender in L.A.] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I wrote several writs on capital case issues and was able
to get good results. The most excitement came in the two cases I argued before
the California Supreme Court in San Francisco. The first case was that of Celestino
Carlos, that came to be famous as <u>“Carlos v. Superior Court.” </u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Rick Santweir, a PD I had known for 12 years, was in
Pasadena, assigned to represent Mr. Carlos. In 1979, at a supermarket in
Glendale, an LAPD staff photographer, Gerald Slagle, who was also a reserve
deputy sheriff, arrived with his 3 year old daughter, Jenny. He saw two men
going into the store, one putting on a mask, both drawing guns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He could have called police, put the men under
observation, even followed them. Instead, he decided to arrest them as they
left the store. He told Jenny to stoop down near him and drew his gun. He
ordered the men to stop. One, later ID’d as Perez, shouted, “Don’t do it!”
Perez began firing at Slagle. Slagle shot back and in the gun battle, Perez was
wounded. The little girl, who had not stayed down, was killed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The other robber apparently fled the scene once the
shooting began. Perez had gotten into a car, presumably driven by the other
robber, who was later ID’d as Carlos, and left the scene. Perez was arrested
soon after, was tried and found guilty of murder, and robbery. The ballistics evidence at Perez’s
trial showed that Slagle had probably fired the bullet, a fragment of which had
ricocheted and killed the child. In the
penalty phase Perez was given life without parole. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Carlos was later arrested and was held to answer after a
preliminary hearing. Santweir argued a motion to dismiss (995) the special
circumstance. The issue boiled down to whether someone who was a robber but who
did not participate in a shooting, could be charged with a capital offense
merely as an aider-abettor. It involved the meaning of some ambiguous sections
of the death penalty law that had been enacted by Initiative in 1978, but which
had not as yet been interpreted by the courts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When Rick’s motion was denied by the trial judge (Jack
Tso, who I got to know very well later), I wrote the brief and filed the writ
in the court of appeals. In a short time it was denied without comment, a
postcard denial. I then filed a Petition for Hearing in the Supreme Court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It was granted, but the court did not take any action for
more than a year. Everyone assumed that the inaction meant that the court was
merely holding the Carlos case until it decided other cases that raised similar
issues. These were winding through the courts, some already after verdicts of
death. If those cases were heard, the decisions might render Carlos moot, or
answer the questions it raised. So the court might never hear argument and
might not even write an opinion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Then, suddenly, the Supreme Court announced that it was
setting the Carlos case for argument. Then, just as suddenly, it took the case
off calendar. During the interim, the DA decided to not seek the death penalty,
probably because of our writ and the fact that Pere who was far more culpable,
had gotten life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The Supreme Court, to everyone’s surprise, re-set the
case for argument in December, 1982. With that stroke, I became something of a
celebrity among the small clique of lawyers who were enmeshed in capital
appellate and writ practice. After exhaustive research, many meetings and
briefings with Joe Levine and Mike Millman of the State Public Defender (which
at that time was handling many death penalty appeals), I went to San Francisco
and argued the case before the Supreme Court justices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It was a proud and awesome moment, trying to convince the
most powerful judges in the state to favorably decide a life-or-death decision
that affected my client and maybe hundreds of others. Mike Millman and others
who listened intently to the argument, that included the questions from the
justices to me and my opponent, congratulated me. We then had to wait again for
their written opinions to see if we won. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Meanwhile I went to work in felony trials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After being assigned to felony trials, and making Grade
4, and waiting, Bardsley informed me that Rick Santweir had been assigned to
supervise misdemeanors in Van Nuys. I was assigned Carlos’s trial, if and when
the Supremes ever decided the special circs issues. It was a dirty trick. I was
only half-joking when I suggested that to do this would have a chilling effect
on those in Appellate who had to decide whether to take a writ. It they thought
they would have to try the case if they won or lost, they might refuse the
lawyer’s request for the writ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Also, Carlos had another case in addition to this one. He
was charged with four or five robberies that were totally separate. In that
case he had been represented by Bill Weiss, but now I would get that one, too. I
was supplied with boxes full of transcripts and loose leaf notebooks organized
by Santweir, volumes for reading. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Since the Supremes had order the murder trial “stayed”
pending their decision on my writ, the cases were in limbo, and thus, there was
no deadline for preparation. For a long time the books of papers sat in my
office in their boxes, obstacles each time I entered or left. Then I received a
letter from Carlos. He wanted the judge to give him a “state appointed lawyer”
rather than a new PD. His argument made some sense. Santweir had been his
lawyer for almost two years and was intimately familiar with his case. Now a
stranger he had never met was to be assigned. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I went right away to visit Carlos and was able to explain
that, except for Rick, I knew more about his murder case than anyone else and,
by the time the case was decided by the Supremes and we had to go to trial, I
would know at least as much if not more than Rick did. When we went to court,
he agreed to the continuance and dropped his demand for a new lawyer. The new
trial date was December 16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The Supreme Court continued to accept new cases involving
issues raised in Carlos. I waited for the hammer to drop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">October, 1983:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The other case of significance that occupies much of my
time is People v. Jaime Abraham Vila, who is charged with three murders, has
been convicted of one, and is implicated, in the words of the New York Times,
in 26 or so total killings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The case was reassigned to me from Mike Adelson who
handled it for many months, in a motion for dismissal for denial of speedy
trial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In 1975, Jaime Vila was allegedly a leader of a heroin
smuggling gang centered in the Bronx, New York City. He was supposedly
extremely rich, but he made some critical mistakes, trusted the wrong people,
and now will probably spend the rest of his life in prison. According to the
record, his organization was in a war with competing gangs for control of the
New York heroin traffic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> At one point his west coast source dried up and he had to
come out here to establish a new connection to get heroin from Mexico. While
here he met a Hollywood pimp / hustler called “Kato,” Ralph Di Katlo. Kato told
Vila he could get large amounts of heroin. Kato introduced Vila to Arthur James
Leeds, a young lawyer who liked the fast lane that his clients travelled,
including the traffic of women, dope, and money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Leeds supposedly became friendly with Vila and began to
talk business. He also introduced Vila to Sonny Perlman, another Hollywood
hanger-on and petty criminal. Leeds defended a pimp named Carl Girard who was
accused of beating two prostitutes, and forcing them into his stable. Leeds and
Kato told the girls not to testify against Girard; they would protect the girls
and take over Girard’s operation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The girls went to the Vice cops who taped their talks
with Leeds and he was charged with pimping and pandering, solicitation of
perjury. While this case was pending, Kato, according to Leeds, was given
$40,000 by Vila to buy heroin. Instead, he hid $20K in Leeds’ closet and took
the rest to Las Vegas along with Leeds. This was on Thanksgiving weekend, 1975.
Leeds left while Kato stayed, supposedly winning big—for a time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When Leeds got back, Vila accused him of stealing his
money. Leeds told him about Kato’s gambling. Vila seemed to believe Leeds. They
went hunting together, and when Vila found out that Kato might also be a “snitch”
he decided that Kato had to die. Vila’s two henchmen, David Perez and Julio
Cestero were alledgedly assigned the hit. Leeds’ gun was taken in order to use
in the killing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Kato then called Leeds from Vegas, saying that he had
lost the $20K. Later, he came to Leeds’ office and after stalling him for an
hour, Leeds gave him $100. He failed to warn Kato that he was going to die. Two
days later Kato and his girlfriend, a prostitute named Joni Scruggs, were
murdered. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Leeds knew about it but said nothing. When police
questioned Leeds, viewing him as suspect, Leeds denied everything. He continued
to associate with Vila, helping him in his heroin trade in LA and New York. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> On August 29, 1976, a Mr. Roiz was found in a Mustang on the
605 freeway with three bullets in his head. A .45 was found over the freeway
fence. Vila’s name was found on a bill of sale in the console. Police found the
registered owner who said she had sold the car for $2,000 to Vila. Vila had
written his own address on the bill of sale. Police contacted Vila’s wife, Pat,
who said he was out of town on business. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When he returned, he went to the police station with his
lawyer—James Leeds—and told them he had sold the car to some guy in Tijuana.
The police were stuck.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It was now November, 1976. Leeds had gone through months
of delay of his own case, one hung jury, and two court trials. He stood
convicted of pandering and solicitation of perjury. He was in real danger of
losing his license to practice law and his freedom to a jail or state prison
sentence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Leeds played his ace. He told officers that he had
knowledge that would implicated Jaime Vila in at least three murders in
California and one in New York. Also, he would reveal facts about Vila’s drug
traffic that would convict him and others in his organization of drug
smuggling, a federal offense. By this time, NY cops were quite familiar with
Vila, who was known as “Teenager.” They were waiting for just such a break. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Leeds told cops that Vila had shot Roiz with a gun that
Leeds had given Vila. Leeds had gotten the gun from Sonny Perlman who had
gotten it from Richard Rex, who had stolen it from a motel room rented by a
Louisiana cop, who was in LA to attend helicopter school. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> According to Leeds, Vila had killed Roiz because he had
pocketed a large sum of money intended to buy heroin. On the morning following
the shooting, Vila had summoned Leeds to his apartment, and told him how it
happened. He had shot Roiz three times, one bullet had gone through the
dashboard and severed a wire that made the ignition inoperative. Vila had
thrown the gun over the fence. He and the driver then ran five miles, licking
the blood off his hands. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Police were willing to believe Leeds. It fit neatly into
the scant evidence they had gathered. They were desperate to finish Vila, to
wrap up three murder cases. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> That Leeds himself was dirty, there was no doubt. By his
own admission, he had supplied the guns in all the killings. He had been deeply
involved in the drug traffic. He had participated in the planning of one
killing, in the cover up of all of them. He was now a convicted felon and
perjurer. He had his own motive to kill Kato and he was obviously giving, or
selling, his info to save his own skin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But the authorities didn’t have much choice. The feds
wanted his help, in LA and NY. So did the NY drug and homicide police. The DA
made the deal: immunity from all drug and homicide prosecutions. There would be
no overt promises on his case, but sentence would be delayed until after his testimony
in all the Vila cases. If he came through, a letter would be sent to the State
Bar, to try to save his license. Perlman and Rex were were also given deals and
protection. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Vila had begun a long slide down the roller coaster. He
was arrested for the Roiz killing. Before he could be brought to prelim, he was
transferred to NY custody. He had been indicted through Leeds’ testimony for
murder there. He was then indicted on drug smuggling charges in NYC federal
court. He was tried in both cases and convicted: sentenced to 25 years to life
and then 15 years, consecutive to that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Then he was brought to LA. He finally had his prelim for
Roiz. He was immediately taken into federal custody, tried and convicted of
smuggling, and sentenced to two more 15 year sentence, also consecutive. He
languished in federal prison.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In 1980, he was indicted for two more murders, Kato and
Scruggs. Finally he was brought to LA after the DA located his body in prison
and transferred him out in 1982. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Back in 1978, after he had been held to answer, his
private lawyer had dropped out and the Public Defender was appointed. Frank Bardsley
had been sent by Stu Rappaport to Department 100 to handle it. Frank was about
to go on vacation to meet his wife in Puerto Rico where she had been assigned
by her law firm on a civil case. Frank was thrilled when he interviewed Vila
and discovered that he asserted an alibi for the LA shooting on August 29,
1976. He said he had been in Puerto Rico at a child’s baptism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Frank got quick approval to go to Puerto Rico to
investigate the claim. While there, he met several members of Vila’s family who
promised to obtain proof and send it to Bardsley in LA. Some weeks later, Frank
received in the mail a copy of a baptismal certificate, claiming that on that
date, Jaime Vila and his wife had been witnesses there to a child’s baptism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Shortly thereafter, Vila disappeared in the jail / prison
shuffle and his various courts in NY and LA. During an almost two year period,
the case languished while each time, the DA agreed that Vila was in jail or
prison somewhere, but didn’t know exactly where he was. The DA was not anxious
to bring Vila back for trial, and Bardsley wasn’t so anxious, either. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It was not until 1982 that he was found. By that time
Bardsley had been promoted and the case was reassigned to Mike Adelson. Vila
was now charged in two case: the murder of Rois in ’76; the other a secret
indictment charging the double murder. The speedy trial motion went on for
months. Finally, it was granted as to the secret indictment, and denied as to
the single murder case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> John Scott in Appellate filed a writ appealing the
denial; the DA appealed the dismissal of the secret indictment. Adelson was
transferred to Beverly Hills to be in charge and the case was transferred to
me. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I found Jaime Vila to be a very soft spoken man, who acts
appropriate to his status, having been in custody for a long stretch; seemingly
resigned to spending a much longer time in prisons. The cases, he claims, were
all set-ups, due mostly to Leeds who wanted to save his own neck, and to lying
police who were desperate to nail him. He also blamed his “incompetent”
lawyers, notably, Ronald Parker. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He has all his cases under appeal and expects to win,
because there was not evidence against him. As to these charges, he wants to
fight them all the way. As I plowed through the volumes of material I had:
three volumes of the prelim; one transcript of the grand jury indictment; one
transcript of co-defendant David Perez’s prelim; the 100+ page sheriff’s murder
book; and the enormous murder book for the double murder, I began to get a feel
for the case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After getting discovery from the DA, Sterling Ernie
Norris, that consisted of two giant expandable folders of papers—and a Xerox copy
of a 1976 New York Times series of articles about Vila and the murders, the
picture that I have written about emerged. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The first thing I did was send my investigator, Tony
Trujillo, to Puerto Rico to track down the alibi. As I feared, it turned out to
be not very productive. Tony found Vila’s family and the priest who did the
baptism. He found several irregularities in the certificate that lent serious doubt
to the alibi as a viable defense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Tony also went to federal prison at Marion, Illinois to
interview an inmate, who, Vila claimed, was with him in Puerto Rico at the
baptism. The supposed witness, Jose Valenzuela, was serving a life term for
drug smuggling but cheerfully told Tony that he expected to be released in an
exchange to Mexico in five years. By his answers, Tony became convinced that he
would not be a believable witness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> That left me with very little in an affirmative defense.
Just as well because alibi defenses are the worst kind. Unless airtight,
presenting anything a jury smells as fabricated can turn a weak prosecution
case into a conviction. I began to turn my attention to weaknesses of this
prosecution case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Clearly, the Achilles heel of the DA case was James
Leeds. His testimony was needed to convict Vila. There was some independent
evidence: his connection to the Mustang; his connection with the victim, by
phone calls made and received; the victim’s mistress who knew of Vila’s
involvement with Roiz and drugs. There was also a footprint at the scene that
was the same size as Vila’s foot. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But Leeds put the gun in Vila’s hand, gave the motive,
relates Vila’s supposed admissions. He was corroborated by Perlman, another
paid informer. These two are deeply implicated in the crimes, not just as
witnesses, but as participants. Leeds joined Kato in the prostitution racket
and had his own ample motive to dislike and fear Kato, a known police
informant. Vila had accused Kato and Leeds of stealing his money. Leeds blamed
Kato. He provided his own gun to Vila to kill Kato. He returned the rental car
that had been parked in front of Kato’s house. There was more. In his various
testimonies before many courts, Leeds had been inconsistent, minimizing his own
involvement with drugs and in the murders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But, and it is a huge but, the bottom line fact is that
he has been effective. He broke the Vila organization. His testimony led to
Vila’s convictions in NY for murder, drug smuggling, etc. I began to think in
terms of a court trial for three reasons. First, Leeds had proved to be good in
front of juries; a judge might see through his façade and be offended at his
sleaziness as a member of the Bar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In a jury trial, impeachment of Leeds required going into
all of the murders and crimes that Vila was guilty of, whereas a judge would
not be prejudiced by that. In fact, knowing that Vila was already subjected to
so many life sentences, a judge might well conclude that this trial was a waste
of time. He might even be disgusted enough to dump it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I discussed my theory with Bardsley, he agreed, but
he thought Vila would not go for a court trial. Many in his position are
distrustful of the system, especially judges. “Waiving” any rights was not
something that most wanted to do. Yet, when I posed it to Vila, he jumped at
it. He was sure he would win because the case was “bullshit.” I think that
after three losing jury trials he is ready to try something new. Actually, he
is more concerned with his hoped-for reduction of sentence in his California
federal case, one that he wants me to pursue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I have made some efforts to do so, but like every other
part of the Vila saga, it is slow, tedious work. I have been trying to get the
transcripts of his other cases, to gather ammunition to impeach Leeds, but I
have not been able to get the case numbers. I’ve talked to the lawyers who
represented him on those case, but they have been no help. His previous lawyer
on my case, the one he paid to do the prelim, has also been disbarred. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I have Leeds’ testimony before the State Bar. I conferred
with LASO Lt. Fitzgerald, the I/O, who provided me with some useful background
info. Also a recent rap sheet for Sonny Perlman, who, despite being in the
federal witness protection program, given a new ID and home, has been convicted
of a new drug selling crime, totally without Vila’s help. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I am now at the point where I am prepared enough to waive
jury and set a trial date a couple of months away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Apart from these few interesting cases, my calendar has
been filled with the usual run of robberies, arsons, auto thefts, marijuana
sales, PCP dealings. I have been spending time thinking about capital cases,
the legal and practical problems involved. I have now watched arguments and
scattered parts of four capital cases and have made some observations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The first was Ricky Lee Sanders, the “Bob’s Big Boy” case.
Sanders and another person robbed the restaurant, herded the employees and some
patrons into the freezer and shot them all, killing several, crippling others.
Leslie Abramson represented Sanders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> While the jury was out in the guilt phase, she appeared
at our Wednesday night death penalty meeting and sought our input on her
penalty phase strategy. In the discussion, it became clear that she did not
have a clear perspective about her plan or the impression she had conveyed to
the jury. She kept saying, “The jury likes me and they like Ricky and the hate
Giss [Harvey Giss, the DA.]” We felt that this was unlikely considering the
ghastliness of the crimes, but politely tried to get Leslie back to earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In her penalty phase she put on her client’s brother, a
decorated soldier, to tell the jury about their bad childhood and his love for
his brother. Fine, except it allowed the DA to point out to the jury that both
brothers had the same bad breaks, and one chose to become a ruthless killer while
the other made a different choice. Watching her argument, and then Giss’s
argument was disturbing. Leslie argued many of the points suggested by the so-called
experts: the awful finality of death; the lack of any reason for the death
penalty; the brutality and inhumanity of the penalty. But her demeanor lacked
convincing force. Giss, on the contrary, demanded justice for the dead and
crippled victims, with all the righteous fury of an outraged prosecutor. The
jury came back with death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The next was a case in which a 19 year old defendant had
shot a Russian immigrant and his wife in a stupid robbery attempt. The woman
died. Mel Tennenbaum, a PD, had represented the defendant until he had been
promoted. Now, an old African American lawyer, Jerry Lenoir, and Hal Miller had
the defense. Brian Kelberg was the DA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Kelberg’s argument was a textbook sample of DA arguments,
citing all the much used examples and allusions, the “tiger in a cage” clichés.
He cited a judge’s speech from an old case in he discarded the rationales that
had been put forward in favor of capital punishment, but was left with one,
that it was the law, and that some people deserved to die for their crimes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Lenoir was appalled. He had not expected the case to get
this far, had not prepared well enough for this phase. Now, he became enraged.
He knew the case Kelberg had cited. He had been the DA in the court at the
time. The defendant there was a multiple murderer who had killed several wives
for profit. He draped his arms around the slim shoulders of his client, a
cowering boy and begged the jury not to do this “to me.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The third was the Miller case, also one of Tennenbaum’s
old cases. Now Jay Jaffe and Charley Patton, also former PD’s, had this
nightmare. Miller was charged with killing four people, and four more attempts
that failed. The evidence was circumstantial and weak from a legal point of
view. But it was enough to convict because there were so many bodies. A jury
just couldn’t take the chance of erring on the side of acquittal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The penalty phase was a shambles. Miller acted up, prevented
his lawyers from presenting family members as witnesses to plead for his life.
In argument, Patton’s ego prevented him from making the best arguments: he
really gave no good reasons to spare his client’s life. Patton relied on his
shared history of poverty: a sharecropper’s son. He argued to one Black woman
in the front row who carried her Bible and tearfully followed his sermon. She
prayed and God told her to vote for death. As did the others, who had made up
their minds much earlier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The most recent was the Hillside Strangler case. Angelo
Bono’s lawyer, Jerry Chaleff, also a former PD, had endured two years of trial
and when the jury came in with guilty verdicts—nine murders—it looked like a
certain death verdict was foreordained. Jerry’s argument didn’t matter because this
jury, too, had made up its mind for life in the guilt phase. The reason was
simple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The question we have explored is: why vote death? Why
vote life? John Moore has posed the problem after studying these cases and
others that have been widely reported: Robertson, Easley, Harris, Autry, et. Al.
There is one answer for each of these cases. The variables are too broad for
easy analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Chaleff’s penalty argument consisted mostly of an
indictment of Kenneth Bianchi who had been caught in Washington, and admitted
murders there. He admitted that he was the LA Hillside Strangler, claimed to
have multiple personalities that surfaced in videotaped hypnosis. Then he
admitted that he had feigned hypnosis and the whole phony defense. He made a
deal. He pled guilty to five or six murders and was given life sentences in
return for testimony against his cousin and crime partner, Angelo Buono. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I was at the county jail to see Jaime Vila one day. He
was in “high power,” the area reserved for security risks. While waiting for
him to be brought down, I glanced to my left and saw Al Simon, another PD. He
had only one client, and was conversing amiably with him. It was Ken Bianchi. I
caught snatches of the conversation—Chaleff’s name, some book about the case
that Bianchi had read, talk about some money Al could put on his books,
something about when he was going to be transferred to prison to begin serving
his time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Bianchi was—as so many murderers I have
known—soft-spoken, mild-mannered, occupied by the minutiae of his case. He wore
glasses on his dappled, pasty-complexioned face. His well-known curly hair was
well groomed as was his mustache. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Vila was brought down in handcuffs and, after they were
removed from behind his back, they were re-attached to a chain on his side of
the counter that separated us. He handled the indignity and discomfort with an equanimity
born of experience. People serving long prison sentences have a slow,
deliberate manner. They don’t walk too fast, or talk too loudly; their
handwriting is often careful and meticulous because they have nothing but time.
They are like people in long, languid vacations—nothing but leisure time on
their hands. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Vila is a solid, powerful looking man. He is not fat, but
is broad, so wide that he seems shorter than his 5’10’’ or 11’’. His head is
leonine, thick black curly hair and full black kinky beard, spotted with a few
grey hairs. His face is dark, though it is also pale from the lengthy time in
prison, almost a grey pallor. He has an easy smile, that wrinkles his face in a
cheerful way and exposes one or two gold teeth among the others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We discussed the letter I sent to Judge Pregerson,
inquiring about reduction of his sentence. We discussed Perlman’s new crime,
selling dilaudid while still in witness protection. The State Bar had provided
Leeds’ testimony. They wanted Vila to testify at his hearing to reinstate his
license. Vila was tempted, but couldn’t admit that he was a drug smuggler. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The case was set for court trial before Gordon Ringer.
Karen Rizzo had taken over the DA’s case. She had been in a long trial, the “Skid
Row Stabber,” and needed time to prepare. I got along well with Karen and her
involvement, rather than Norris’s meant a smoother trial. I told Karen about
the case, focusing on Leeds as the least reliable and most culpable of her witnesses,
just so she would have the right attitude about the case from the start. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We set the case on February 7 for court trial. Now my
real prep could begin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Tuesday, 29 November, 1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The pressure is beginning to build. At the start of this
journal I noted that one of my fears about coming back to felony trials was
remembering that on each of my previous tours I began to lose my grip after
about a year. The calendar active cases begins to build to unmanageable levels,
the cases become more serious, the unsettleable ones don’t go away, fatigue and
frustration set in. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Two of my appellate cases have lingered. The Carlos
special circs case that I argued before the Supremes in December still remains
undecided. It has been assigned to me for trial and except for some moments of
irritation, it is like a sore that doesn’t hurt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The second is Donaldson. In September, 1980, a pre-school
teacher in Compton, came upon some people who had broken into the school early
in the morning. They tied her up and one killed her. Three weeks later, Lester
Donaldson, 15, was taken to SW police station because he might have had some info
about the crime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He came in voluntarily, not under arrest, and was not a
suspect. Later, his brother, Kenneth, called the station and also walked into
the station to see about his brother. After each was interviewed separately,
they were placed in an interview room and left alone. The room was bugged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Police heard Kenneth make an incriminating statement.
Both were arrested. Kenneth was charged with murder, burglary special circs,
and they were seeking death. Charlie Gessler, one of the best and most
experienced PD’s was appointed. He made a motion to suppress the statement. It
was denied. He asked the Appellate Division to seek a pre-trial writ to reverse
the ruling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I researched it and decided there was merit to the
argument that taping a private conversation, even in a police station, is
prohibited by the US and State constitutions. Cases had always held that
conversations were not protected if one was in custody. That was presumed to be
justified by security reasons. But no case had ruled that private talks between
brothers who were not in custody, but had come voluntarily as possible
witnesses, in circumstances where they were led to believe that their
conversation was confidential, could be secretly overheard and used against
them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> My writ was quickly denied by the Court of Appeals but
the Supreme Court granted my petition for hearing, then held the case for a
year without acting on it. They had other cases that involved conversations
with inmates and seemed likely to review their old rule pertaining whether an
inmate had the right to any degree of privacy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> They ultimately decided the De Lancie case, ruling that
one could sue to challenge the jail procedure or routinely monitoring
conversations between inmates and visitors. They cited a new Penal Code section
that recognized some right to privacy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But that case was not on point because neither person was
in custody at the time. Then, suddenly and surprisingly, the Court sent a
letter to me saying they intended to hear argument on my case to decide “unanswered
questions” of De Lancie. This news was disturbing, because I suspected I was
being put into a corner and being set up to lose. I carefully framed a
supplemental brief arguing that my case should be decided on its own merits and
not on De Lancie’s reasoning or procedure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In February, 1983, I went to San Francisco for the
argument. I had been there in December to argue Carlos, my first case. Now an
old hand, I went up again. The first time I had brought Bea, Greg and my parents.
Now, I went alone. It was routine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The argument seemed to go well. I reminded the justices
again and again that my case was different from De Lancie. They seemed to
listen. Then, no decision for many months. Now, November 21, the opinion has
been issued. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In 26 pages, Justice Broussard (who also signed Carlos’s
majority opinion) ruled that there is no right to privacy in a police station
for either witnesses or inmates. Every case the opinion cited involved at least
one inmate, so I was disappointed; they hadn’t seen the distinction at all. To
add to the misery, they used my case to decide that their decision in De Lancie
was not retroactive. Thus, all those who were in the same position as that
defendant, were screwed. As I feared, the Court ignored my simple issue to
decide an unrelated point of law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I now need to prepare a Motion for Rehearing, due
December 6, even though it has very little prospect of success. On Thanksgiving
weekend, I spent all day Saturday in my office and began the work. But writing
requires hours of uninterrupted concentration. You have to sit and struggle,
re-think and re-work over and over again. In Appellate, that was my only focus.
But now I had a calendar full of other cases to prepare, preliminary hearings
to do every day, visits to the jail to make, witnesses to interview,
investigation requests to write or dictate, meetings to attend. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Then on November 28, I was assigned a new capital case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Monday had already been a rough day—“one of those days
that history tells us are better spent in bed.” I had 5 prelims set, including
one murder case, an arson, and a drug addicted transgender informant. Late in
the afternoon, when I thought I had cleaned up all in the prelim court, except
for one bench warrant pickup, I got a message that Rosalie Rakoff, one of our
head deputies, wanted to see me. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I called, she told me that she had a special circs
case to assign to me. The client was now in Division 30, waiting for a PD to
set his prelim date, and for appointment of counsel for his 2 co-defendants.
Marcus Egarton, the defendant Rosalie had picked for us to defend, was said to
be the shooter; the others were accomplices. This was PD policy: we take the
most culpable one—because we are better than the private lawyers who take
appointments—at least that is the theory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Despite some further complications (Egarton had other
pending cases, and had been sent to these other courts), I was able to meet him
late in the afternoon. He was in the lockup on the 5<sup>th</sup> floor, among
a hundred other, malodorous inmates. I introduced myself to him, gave him my
card, warned him not to talk to anyone else about his case. I told him what
would happen next and that I would visit him in the jail to talk in detail
about the case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The two lawyers who were to be appointed for the
co-defendants were expected at 4 p.m. It was now 3:30. I went to my office and
read the file. There wasn’t much in there, which was disturbing: just a
preliminary investigation report by the officers who first arrived at the scene
of the crime on August 23, 1983. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> They found that a man had been shot and killed near his
car at 10:30 p.m. on Gramercy Place in L.A. The report named a couple of
witnesses, stated that John Morris, the victim, was an insurance agent, who
after doing some business, was getting into his car when he was confronted by 4
young black men. One carried a shotgun. They took his watch, credit cards,
money. The guy with the shotgun gave it one of his partners, pulled a .38 and
shot the man. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The next report was my client’s arrest on November 15. It
was based on “roll call info” that included his photo. A follow-up report on
November 21, stated that a witness named Sean Johnson was “re-interviewed” on
November 17 and gave a description of the suspects. He was shown photos and
picked out my client as the shooter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> There had to be much more to this. Why no reports between
August and November? How many witnesses were there? What other evidence? Who
was Sean Johnson? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Back in Division 30, I met John Yzurdiaga, the lawyer
appointed to represent Howard. John had been a PD and was respected for his
competence and likeability, as well as a wry Basque wit. We chatted until Jeff
Brodey arrived to take the third defendant. Jeff also was a PD alum I’ve known
forever. Bea and I were friends with Jeff and his then wife, Susan. They had
gone on the round-the-world trip and shared their adventures with us. (Our
marriage endured; theirs didn’t.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> We set the case for December 9. Although that would not
give us nearly enough time to adequately prepare, the clients had a right to an
early prelim, and we didn’t have the time to secure their waiver of that right.
In the courtroom I found my client’s girlfriend, Lisa. She gave me the names
and addresses of some people who might be witnesses. She said they saw the
shooting and could say that Marcus hadn’t don it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> She also said that Marcus’s mother would not come to
court. She had thrown him out and didn’t care what happened to him. That was
not a good sign. If this was a true capital case, family cooperation would be
needed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The court appearance was short. Mike Tynan (also a former
PD) was the judge. He sent the case to Division 37. The judge there was George
Trammel. (I had tried one of my first misdemeanors before Trammel, and later,
tried the David Brinson capital trial before him).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The next day I went to the jail and interviewed 5
clients. One was Erik Monteverde, who allegedly had shot a man in a bar fight. The
case felt like it could be a murder—as the I/O had snidely insisted—but would
probably be seen by the DA and judge as a manslaughter. The client didn’t seem
to be a control problem; he was sensible about his dilemma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Egarton was the last interview. He wasn’t brought down
until 20 minutes before the room would be shut down for shift change break.
That was okay; on a capital case where I would need many interviews, the first
is usually only an introduction meant to establish confidence and let him get
to know me, to lay a foundation for later trust.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He was a young black man with a short haircut, muscular
build, crooked and somewhat protruding front teeth that gave him a pronounced
lisp. He rambled on about the case. I listened. He had been hanging around the
place where the shooting happened. He is a Crip and was “banging” with his
homies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Mostly he wanted to know what else the police had besides
Sean Johnson. Sean was arrested with the keys to the man’s car. Sean is a “Blood.”
He was angry with Marcus; several incidents between them gave Sean a motive to
lie. Sean had tried to rip off Marcus’s old girlfriend’s house. Sean was always
asking Marcus for money. He wanted Marcus’ help when his stepfather tried to
beat him up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I tried to slow Marcus down. I told him I would need more
time to investigate all of this. I don’t know if it sunk in. He is con-wise,
tough, 19 years old. He is not afraid because he doesn’t realize that—at least
for now—“they” might be wanting to execute him. This is just another humbug
case that “they” are trying to put on him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Egarton had another case pending. His PD, Marty Wegman,
told me that he thought he might have gotten the attempted burglary reduced to
a misdemeanor theft, but Egarton had failed to go to the probation office and
to court for sentencing. When he was picked up, he told Marty he didn’t want
probation. Marty thought he could get county time for him. But, Marty worried, the
judge might see his arrest for a robbery-murder as a reason for prison. Really?
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I spent the next few days cleaning up my desk and
thinking about the Donaldson petition for rehearing. I wrote part of it on
Friday at the office and Saturday at home (December 3) I spent the day with a
pack of cigarettes and finished the damned thing in respectable fashion. As a
result I was able to relax on Sunday when the family came for a Chanukah party.
On Monday I submitted the draft to the Appellate secretary, who grumbled and
began to type. I was then able to turn to other cases. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Marcus Egarton’s girlfriend, Lisa, showed up at 8:30 a.m.
She had visited Marcus. He wanted to know what happens if Sean Johnson doesn’t
appear to testify. A red light flashed in my mind. I didn’t want anything to
happen to any witnesses for moral and practical reasons. Any threat to a
witness would be evidence of guilt; any statement the witness made that he
later denied would still be used aginst the defendant; and if a witness was
killed, Lisa would be implicated, and Marcus would surely be a candidate for
the death penalty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I asked her to trust me to deal with witnesses and
evidence. I warned her about getting too involved, and especially, to never
discuss with Marcus anything about the case because the sheriff will monitor
any conversation between them. That included phone calls and letters.
(Donaldson was on my mind.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I called the DA’s office and found out that Dick Webber
was assigned the case. I didn’t know Webber. I left a message for him. One of
the PD’s had just finished a murder trial with Webber. He said he was a good
guy, reasonable and trustworthy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> When I got throught to Webber, he said he didn’t know much
about my case, even whether he would be ready on the 9<sup>th</sup>. He would
talk to the I/O and get him to copy the murder book for me. I dictated an
investigation request to find the wits that Lisa had provided. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I found a message from Karen Rizzo. She was beginning to
work of Vila. Fitzgerald would be meeting with her tomorrow and expected new
information. He had talked with Vila on the flight from Philadelphia, hinted at
admissions made. They were bringing Sonny Perlman from prison, and were trying
to find the Louisiana cop who had lost his gun that became the murder weapon.
Richard Rex is dead. Still trying to get the Bronx grand jury transcript.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>8 December 1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The last few days have been brutal. Because I scheduled a
one week vacation (the week before Christmas—to coincide with Bea’s), I have
been paying for it in aggravation and will continue to pay for a month after
the week’s “rest.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Because clients have speedy trial rights‑and always
pressure their lawyers to get their cases to court sooner (contrary to the
public impression that criminal defendants and lawyers always want delays—only
those on bail are anxious to delay the inevitable), it is hard to schedule
vacations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> To put a case even one day past the speedy trial date
requires the client’s agreement, a specific verbal waiver of rights. To get
that, you have to promise, cajole, threaten, con him, beg him—to do what is in
his (and your) best interests to do. Sometimes it is easier to try the case and
forget the vacation, incurring the wrath of family. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Jose Reza is 44, joint wise, a druggie charge with
possession of some pills, just barely enough for sale as well as personal use.
It is a prison potential felony, especially given his record of prior felonies.
They offer him county time but he is holding out. He wants to know exactly how
much jail time he has to do and doesn’t want formal probation. He is not afraid
to risk prison to make his point. He’s been there before.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> So, I announce to the judge that I am ready for trial.
The law requires that the DA must bring him to trial within 10 days. The DA
asked for 3 days to locate his witnesses. This is not going to be a problem;
his wits aren’t civilians; they are police officers. Unless they are sick or on
vacation, they will be found by Friday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But the judge is engaged in another jury trial. That
means the case will go to Department 100 for assignment. The judge there will
make a last effort to settle the case before wasting a court on this trial. Day
by day, we creep on until we near December 19<sup>th</sup>, the day I am to
begin my vacation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Meanwhile, all this affects my other cases. If I start a
jury trial, I run into other case deadlines. The 13<sup>th</sup> is the date
set for Monteverde’s prelim. It already has been continued once and there are
many civilian wits and 2 co-defendants. That makes grant of another continuance
more unlikely. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> And there is also Egarton. He wants his prelim on the 9<sup>th</sup>
when it is set. I have come to the jail to talk him into agreeing to waive time
so I can continue it for investigation. That means another 3 weeks or a
month—at least, past my vacation!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He may not agree, in which case, I will have to persuade the
judge that there is “good cause” to deny his right to a speedy prelim. One good
cause is to protect his right to a competent preparation, a balancing of one
right over the other. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>9 December 1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Amazingly, Egarton gave me no hassle when I suggested the
continuance. The case is still a humbug and bullshit, etc., but he realizes
that it is a robbery-murder charge that could lead to death or life without
parole. So, despite his grumbling, he folded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But that was yesterday. Today is another day. And what a
day. In addition to the Egarton prelim—that might or might not be continued
(there are so many moving parts: lawyers, judge, clients—nothing is ever
certain until it happens), there was a little sentencing on a receiving stolen
property case. The client had pled guilty to a misdemeanor in Division 44. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> There was also Reza, which was set for the DA to decide
if his witness was available. If he was, I would want to get this case going so
it could be settled or trial finished by the sixteenth, the last day before my
vacation. That was cutting it close.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Complicating things further was a suppression motion and
court trial I had set a long time ago for Gilbert Jimenez.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> As the day developed, things gradually—very
gradually—sorted themselves out. After the judge ordered Reza’s case to
Department 100 to begin the trailing process, Reza decided to change his plea
and accept the deal of county jail time with probation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After waiting most of the morning, we finally continued
the Egarton case. Sean Johnson, the main—and possibly the only—witness turned
out to be a small, ugly, mean-looking young man who was in custody, having been
arrested the night before for trespassing. Another witness, Paul Johnson, who
was supposedly with Sean but who steadfastly maintains that he saw nothing, is
being pressured by the DA and his I/O to change his story. So far, he is
holding on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In the afternoon, I geared up for the motion and trial on
Jimenez, but after waiting all day, the arresting officer never appeared. The
DA, Alan Yockelson (the same DA I had tried with Faron Green and Johnny Wilkes)
finally acknowledged the weakness of his case and offered a plea to a straight
possession, dismissing the “for sale” charge. We put the case over to Wednesday
so Alan could confirm his decision with his superiors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Wednesday, 11 December,
1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Monday, I re-interviewed Marcus Egarton at the jail along
with the other 2 defendants and their lawyers. We got witness leads from out
clients so our investigations can follow up. Jeff Brodey and I had the same
impression<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">—none of these guys act
guilty. It may be that they are practiced liars, but something about their
manner rings true to both of us: two hard headed, skeptics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> That was not the most important event of my day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Earlier, John Scott, one of our Appellate lawyers,
appeared at my office. “Well,” he said, “one for two is not bad.” He waited a
beat and smiled. “The Supreme Court just called. You won Carlos. They granted
the writ and struck the special circumstances. Congratulations.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> That was it. I had argued two Supreme Court capital cases,
Donaldson and Carlos. A month ago—less—November 21—they ruled against me on
Donaldson. Now they had ruled for me on Carlos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But what did the opinion say? How did the court go? Was
it a pyrrhic victory that would ultimately cause more aggravation? Would it
turn out to be harmful to my client and all our other capital clients in some
unforeseen, ironic way? I had to wait.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> But not for long: a half hour later I got a call from the
Oakland Tribune, wanting my comments on the court’s opinion. The reporter read
the conclusion of the 52 page opinion. I listened as the reporter, who was not
familiar with the legal patois, stumbled over the poly-syllabic words. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> If I heard correctly, it was better than I dreamed. The
court ruled that unless intent to kill was proved, no one could be subjected to
either death or life without parole, whether the actual killer or an
accomplice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I gave some cautious comment about the possible impact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Next was a call from the San Francisco Examiner. I asked
this reporter to repeat the conclusion. It was as good as I had heard it the
first time. I gave some background and more cautious words about the future. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I got another call, from Mike Millman. The State Public
Defender’s foremost death penalty expert. Mike had been so helpful and kind
when I prepared and then argued the case in San Francisco last December. He was
halfway through reading the opinion and it sounded like we won everything we
had hoped for and more. He couldn’t see how the court could not leave standing
all the death verdicts where no intent to kill element was permitted at the
trial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I spoke to Bardsley and anyone else who would listen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The next morning, Tuesday, there it was on the front page
of the L.A. Times. The Supreme Court limits the death penalty. A later edition
made it a banner headline. All day the congratulations poured in. More calls
from newspapers: Pasadena Star-News, L.A. Times, Herald-Examiner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I spoke to Joe Levine, former State P.D., who also had
provided help on the case. He now worked for the Court of Appeal. He too felt
the impact would be enormous. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Wednesday morning, more headlines—and another story, this
time quoting me, naming me and the LA DA, who was “outraged” by the opinion. A
call from Time magazine. Some ribbing from my friends. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Everyone is a star for 15 minutes. I enjoyed mine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Today (Wednesday) I did 7 prelims, 3 guilty pleas.
Tonight I sit in the county jail interview room at 6 p.m., waiting for Mr.
Carlos to be brought down so we can talk about preparing for trial on the
charges that remain, a mere murder and 6 robberies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Thursday: It hasn’t stopped yet—more praise from lawyers,
friends. Some express relief because they have clients who will benefit from
Carlos. Today I got a call from National Public Radio. They have been doing a
series on the death penalty and wanted to put me on tape for the evening’s “All
Things Considered.” Hearing my name and voice on the nationwide program that I habitually
listen to and is widely respected for journalistic excellence is a great kick.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The Carlos case was set for Friday. No longer a special
circs case, the DA moved to consolidate 5 robberies into the robbery-murder
case. I discussed some strategy issues with my client. Still, I had a sense of
some sort of let-down. The big win was over. Now the rest would be more or less
routine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Still, we had done something worthwhile, something to be
proud of. Because of luck, or fate, or persistence, or whatever, Carlos and I
will always be linked. He will have attained a fame few criminals can hope for
among their peers. The “Carlos case” will always stand for a rule that made it
harder for California courts to execute people. He will stand beside “Miranda” “Escobedo”
and “Wong Sun” as a name that will be cited countless times. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> As for me, it has already occurred to me that 20 years
from now, young lawyers wil be told that the old geezer with the stooped
shoulders and odd ways is the “lawyer in the Carlos case,” just as Charley
Maple and John Moore were on the “Onion Field” case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I don’t mind it at all. It is better to be known for
something important than for some horrible event, or not known at all. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Whatever, it was a hell of a week. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Tuesday, 20 December 1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I have begun what I can laughingly call my “vacation.” I
brought home 4 briefcases full of the Carlos and Vila files. I have been
plowing through Carlos, sorting it out to prepare motions: severance, to
suppress evidence, investigation. Both trials are set for February, which seems
like the day after tomorrow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Saturday, 24 December 1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> The past week—my vacation—I have been lucky. I have been
able to use most of each day to read files.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Tuesday, 27 December to
Friday 30 December 1983</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> After my one week “vacation” I returned to work today to
find a box stuffed with new case files. While I was gone, I missed one prelim
day. Young, inexperienced PD’s handled the cases in my absence. Of course, with
my luck, they found no conflicts, no private lawyers took over any case, none
were dismissed, no guilty pleas were taken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Luckily, only one was mishandled. A client charged with
molesting his stepdaughter was released on OR before he was given information
needed to assure his reporting to a psychiatrist. The rest were held to answer,
meaning that I will have to follow through on all of them. I find myself always
playing catch-up. I will never feel completely comfortable with the clients or
the facts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> One of the other cases was certain trouble: a bomb threat
and arson by a homosexual schizophrenic. I interviewed him today at the Hall of
Justice jail. He started by saying he didn’t want a public defender because he
had a conflict. The PD wasn’t preparing his case the way he wanted it done. He
challenged me to prove to him that I was a good lawyer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I was in a bad mood. I am beginning to feel a cold with
sniffles and sneezes. After 4 days of frustration, I had lost all patience. I
told him flatly that if he wanted to hire a lawyer, he should. If not, he could
represent himself. If he didn’t like me he could tell the judge why and ask him
or her to appoint a new lawyer. Whatever his choice was all right with me. As
to my caseload, I pointed out that anyone he hired would have his own
caseload—if he was any good. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> My speech shut him up for a while. I
went on the details of the case with the certainty that he will be trouble
later on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> I have 5 or 6 new files set for prelim on January 3. One
was a kidnapping for robbery, that carries life in prison. After interviewing
the client, though, I found a conflict of interest. Our office represented his
co-defendant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> On the same day, the 28<sup>th</sup>, I interviewed a man
charged with robbery. He is an ex-con, pretty bright, a little hostile, a
client whose attitude makes it clear there will be issues with client control:
more trouble to come. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> In all, I now have 48 open cases assigned to me. It
really is too many—an ungainly caseload. Especially in a court in which the
judge will not give enough to make deals and the DA’s are lazy, have little
judgment, and can’t be pushed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> It means more jury trials, and that means clogged
calendars and a hectic few months ahead, with Carlos and Vila leading the way.
On top of that, I have some sticky cases from Morrow’s court. These must be
tried. And then there is Egarton, the special circs. prelim with all the needed
work and aggravation. Oh, and the Monteverde murder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> 1984 is going to be a grueling new year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Postscript:</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> <i> I don’t remember what happened to all those cases, except
for three. Carlos ended up with a plea bargain: the DA agreed to a second
degree murder. Vila’s court trial took a long time. Gordon Ringer had a full
morning calendar. We took many days to finish. As I hoped, he hated Leeds. But
it didn’t help me. He denied my motions about attorney-client privilege to
prevent his testimony. He found Leeds to be a participant, rather than merely
Vila’s lawyer. Ringer added another life sentence to his other ones. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i> Marcus Egarton’s prelim was heard by Judge Trammel. After
the evidence was in, we argued for dismissal, without much hope that a judge
would dismiss a special circs murder case for insufficient evidence. As Trammel
began to review the evidence, though, his demeanor gave us some hope. Brodey
whispered, “He’s not going to dismiss, is he?” I shushed him. A few paragraphs
later, Yzurdiaga whispered in my other ear, “Is he going to dismiss?” I hushed
him. Near the end, I whispered, “Jeez, he is going to dismiss.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i> Trammel not only dismissed; he did so with findings of
factual innocence that would preclude the DA from re-filing or appealing his
decision. The case was over. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Then came 1984.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-69489099956857130442018-11-08T11:40:00.003-08:002018-11-08T11:40:49.489-08:00CARLOS V. SUPERIOR COURT (1983) <div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_psoHNiFTdk/T2uuwKvIPfI/AAAAAAAAAZM/b0SaULx7dSgcJoduCBgFdb4MD9kGLsIQgCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/justice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="439" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_psoHNiFTdk/T2uuwKvIPfI/AAAAAAAAAZM/b0SaULx7dSgcJoduCBgFdb4MD9kGLsIQgCPcBGAYYCw/s320/justice.jpg" width="280" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thirty-five years ago this December, the California
Supreme Court decided a case that changed the course of capital punishment in
the state, and also led to the loss of four of the justices who voted for the
decision when they were targeted by conservatives because of their </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">votes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>I was partly responsible for this because the
case was mine. </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the early 1980’s I was working in the appellate
division of the Public Defender’s office. The job was to brief and argue to
higher courts when our lawyers lost an issue before trial, or to defend when
the DA appealed a ruling in our client’s favor. It was a chance to make law.
Statutes define laws, but when they are applied to cases, courts have to
interpret them. A trial judge gives an opinion and then higher courts review
and affirm or reverse. In so doing, they establish precedent, that is, they “make
law.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That was the attraction for me . . . and it was the
worry of our head deputy, Dennis Fischer. He was there to make sure we didn’t
do more harm than good. He worried that we might make “bad law;” that is, inspire
an interpretation so adverse to our clients that it would have been better to
not raise the issue at all. There couldn’t have been a better gatekeeper. He
was brilliant and subtle, able to see all the ramification of a problem. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dennis was the only person I’ve known who really had a
photographic memory. In my first month there, I asked Dennis if he knew of a
case relevant to some issue. He rubbed his chin, raised eyebrows that were
filled with iron gray hairs that made him look like a schnauzer, and closed his
eyes. “Williams v. Superior Court, 1963, 268 Cal. App. 2d, at page 121, middle
of the right hand page, the concurring opinion by Justice Murphy. Oh, and there’s
a tuna smudge in the upper right corner.” He opened his eyes. “They ought to
rename the case. There are too many Williams cases.” He goes on to mention four
or five, including odd tidbits, such as “In one of the cases, the trial judge
was a Williams, and in another, the defense attorney’s first name was William.”
He paused to scowl. “Too many Joneses, too.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There were good lawyers in Appellate. One was John Scott.
I was impressed by the fact that his father was one of the creators of “Rocky
and Bullwinkle.” I was older than the rest of the crew there. In meetings, I
had to get used to the table talk: “I’m taking my vacation to follow
Springsteen on tour.” “Cool!” Most were too young to recall “Rocky and
Bullwinkle.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have a stack of thirty or more appellate briefs in my
garage. I don’t remember most of the cases. I lost most of these. Writs are seldom
granted; most don’t even get a hearing. You get a post card from the court
simply stamped, “denied.” It is frustrating. You work hard to make the
arguments, do tedious research to find just the right authorites to support
your argument. You agonize over your work. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">In those days before word
processors, you handwrote it, typed it, gave it to a secretary to put onto
legal form, then proofread, and made the right number of copies. All this you
had to do on a strict deadline, a limited time period to file the briefs with
the court. Then you wait. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The opponent (usually the District Attorney appellate
lawyer, or the Attorney General) responds with his brief. You might want to
answer that by a letter. Then you wait. Most times you get the dreaded
postcard. In rare cases, the appellate justices want to hear oral argument. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Great! You prepare for your few minutes before the panel of three justices,
answering their questions and clarifying your points, rebutting the opposition’s
specious arguments. You are brilliant. (Every observer in the court is
impressed.) Weeks later, you get a written opinion denying your writ. Now you
hope the opinion won’t be published, so your name won’t be associated with this
rotten decision. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Very few of the cases actually made new law, good or bad.
One of the good ones was called Chism v. Superior Court. It involved one of
those obscure legalistic points that in practice, matters a lot. Not to be too
technical, here’s what it was about. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At a preliminary hearing, the judge (called a “magistrate”
for obscure historical reasons) can dismiss a case or any charged crime, or can
reduce or add charges shown by the evidence. The rulings can be challenged in
the trial court by a motion to dismiss (PC Sec. 995-so we call it a “995
motion.”) The trial judge can grant or deny the motion. A new amendment allowed
the DA to ask the trial judge to reconsider a charge that the magistrate
dismissed. This was meant to save the time and expense of re-filing the charges
and starting all over again. All he had to do was send it back to the
magistrate to correct the wrong decision. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Well, in Chism, Judge Leetham decided that the magistrate
was wrong in dismissing a murder charge. But instead of sending it back, he
simply decided to act as the magistrate and ordered the case to trial. The
trial public defender asked if this is what the new law intended; I didn’t
think so. I persuaded Dennis Fischer to let me challenge it. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The appellate court, for once agreed with me. They wrote
a long opinion reversing the trial judge’s order. But then, Judge Leetham, who
was known as one of the more eccentric and ornery characters on the bench, decided
to ignore the order. I ran to the appellate court to inform them of this. While
I waited, the clerk took my letter to the justices. He came back a few minutes
later, rolling his eyes. “Man, I’ve never seen them so pissed off.” I waited
another half hour. He came back with a typed order, directed to Judge Leetham
to show cause why he shouldn’t be held in contempt. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was shit directly in the center of the fan.
Eventually, Leetham folded and the case was sent back. The case acted to limit
the effect of the amended law so as to benefit our clients. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I had some success once I learned the knack of writing
briefs. Very few appellate cases get to be heard; most are summarily disposed
of. The trick was to spark the interest of the justice’s law clerk, who is the
first one to read the brief. The judge will often rely on his gatekeeper’s
opinion before bothering to consider it. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was lucky that in high school I wanted to be a sports
reporter. I had worked briefly for the high school sports editor of the
Journal-American. I reported games, a few inches of type that might get into
the Sunday sports pages. I stayed an extra semester my senior year in high
school so that I could be the sports editor of the school paper. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I consider that my journalism class was the most valuable
one I took in high school, with the possible exception of “Typing,” which provided
me with a lasting skill and placed me in a class among twenty-five girls who
thought I was cute. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I learned that the first rule of writing the news is to
put the most important facts in the first paragraph. You have the template of
who, what, when, where, why, and how. But you have to choose the most crucial “w”
to lead with. And it has to be tantalizing enough to lure the reader into the
next paragraphs. That is what I did with brief writing. (Parenthetically, it is
the same principle in short stories, thriller scripts, and sermons.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rick Santweir, a PD in Pasadena, represented Celestino
Mark Carlos before Judge Jack Tso. After a prelim, he had filed a motion to
dismiss (a PC S 995 motion.) The judge denied it and Rick wanted us to file a
writ to get an appellate court to reverse it. It was a capital case. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That peaked my interest. It involved an interpretation of
the new capital punishment law. In 1977 the legislature had passed a new one;
then in 1978, the voters approved an Initiative that superseded the year-old
law. By 1981, the latest one still hadn’t been considered by the California
Supreme Court and there were lots of open questions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This one involved whether an aider/abettor (i.e., not the
actual killer) could be given the death penalty even if he never intended to
kill anyone. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Carlos and Perez went to rob a supermarket. Mr. S took his
daughter there so she could ride the mechanical horse that was outside the
doors. He was a photographer for the Sheriff’s Department, and a reserve
deputy. He saw the two men with guns as they went into the market. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He took his child to his car, got his own gun and waited
for them to emerge. When they did, he drew his weapon and demanded that they
halt. Perez opened fire. So did Mr. S. Carlos did not shoot; he ran away,
presumably to get the car. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The child was fatally hit, probably from a ricochet fragment
from the father’s own gun. Perez was hit and limped to the car. Carlos drove
him to a hospital. Eventually they were both arrested.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Under long established law, Carlos was considered equally
guilty of first-degree murder if he aided in a robbery that resulted in a
death, whether the death was intended, accidental, or negligent. That is the felony-murder
rule. (A legal quirk: Because the child was shot by her father and not the
felon, another technical rule applied: if, in response to the felony, police
respond and the felon “initiates a gun battle” in which someone is killed by
the police, then the felon is “vicariously liable” for the death and so is the
aider/abettor, even if he didn’t shoot or get involved in the gun battle.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First-degree murder means 25 years to life in prison. But
to qualify for more—life without parole or death—a “special circumstance” had
to be found. The 1977 statute listed seven special circumstances. The 1978
Initiative that superseded it expanded the list to nineteen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first big question posed by the new law: <i>Is every
first-degree murderer automatically a death penalty candidate? </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The answer is no: One category of first degree was
omitted from the list of special circumstances—that was “premeditated, deliberate,
intentional murders.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Did that make sense? <i>Wouldn’t that person be more
deserving of the severest penalty than an accidental death that occurred during
a felony?</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Next: <i>Do you need some more evidence over and above the
proof of a robbery and a resulting death? </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>And what about the “aider/abettor”
who didn’t fire the shot?</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Does the law require more to make that person
eligible for death or life without parole? </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>If not, why require special circumstances at all?</i> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Every
felony-murder would be a death penalty offense, even if the death was unintended,
but was accidental or the result of negligence. (If a store clerk has a heart
attack during a robbery, that is felony murder. The driver waiting at the curb
is just as guilty as the one who pointed a gun. If the culprits fleeing a
burglary hit a pedestrian, that is felony murder. Even a guy in the back seat
is guilty.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The language of the statute seemed to demand that the
aider act with “intent;” but intent to do what? To rob? Or to kill? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Could you infer intent to kill just from the act of participating
in an armed robbery? Are robberies so inherently dangerous that anyone
participating in one is subject to the death penalty is someone dies? </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The statistics show that very, very few armed robberies
end in someone’s death. Robberies are relatively commonplace in our culture.
(The felony murder rule also applied to other felonies, including burglaries—where
deaths are extremely rare events.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Here, Carlos ran away, got in the car. He didn’t fire his
weapon. Does the law demand something more in order to execute someone? (Judge
Tso thought he “facilitated the murder” by going to get the car, an act that
freed Perez to stay and shoot. But that interpretation of the evidence was a real
stretch—Perez shot because he was faced with a man with a gun, not because he
felt safe.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I wanted the assignment. Dennis Fischer was cautious. He
thought of the big picture. Lives were at stake. There are two sayings: “hard
cases make bad law” and the similar, “Bad cases make bad law.” Appellate judges
might be looking for egregious facts in order to rule in the way they wish. Fischer
worried that the death of a child might be too inflammatory, tempting the
conservatives on the court to use it to interpret the new death law too
broadly. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We consulted the state public defender and the California
Appellate Project, two agencies that were closely monitoring the law’s
progress. There were a few other cases in the pipeline that touched on these
issues. They gave a go ahead. Mike Millman was our contact person and he later
became a good friend. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As expected, the intermediate appellate court denied our
writ. We sought a hearing in the Supreme Court, always a long shot. To our
surprise they granted the hearing, but then merely held it in abeyance, along
with the other cases they were considering. Which one they would choose to
actually decide was a mystery. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Almost a year went by without a decision. Meanwhile
dozens of capital cases around the state went through the trial courts, some
resulting in death verdicts, others in “lwopp” sentences. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most people give little thought to the idea of capital
punishment . . . until an incident reported in the news stirs emotions.
Then you hear, “If you take a life you should lose yours, period!” Long ago,
the law decided that “an eye for an eye” was not a rational standard for punishment.
(Actually, the biblical idea was a reform of a stricter earlier law: instead of
death for taking out one’s eye, the law would only demand your eye.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some killings of human beings are unpunished because they
are justified (self-defense) or accidental, or negligent (say, in auto
accidents). Some are intended but don’t rise to the level of murder: such as
manslaughter (divided into voluntary and involuntary—vehicular negligence is a far
more common cause of death than armed robberies). Second-degree murder is not
premeditated, but occurring in “the heat of passion,” that is, without
deliberation and premeditation. (Something called the second degree felony
murder rule is triggered by a death during a felony that is not considered to
be “inherently dangerous.”) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Up until 1972, that was pretty much the law. States could
execute anyone for any murder defined as first degree. (Some states still had
the death penalty for rape.) But that is not what actually happened. Death
penalty verdicts were rare and becoming rarer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Also, the same crime might result in a life sentence or death, depending
on the whim of prosecutors, judges, or juries. Race was often the deciding
factor. Geography was also important. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, the US Supreme Court, in Furman v. Georgia, decided
5-4 that death penalty laws violated the Eighth Amendment bar to “cruel and
unusual punishments.” It was applied “arbitrarily,” “wantonly,” “freakishly,” “capriciously.”
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There had to be a rational way to
distinguish between those murders that merited death from those that didn’t.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It took a few years for states to pass new death penalty
laws. Most solved the complaint by first creating a list of special first-degree
murders, the ones that merited death; and second, by adding a penalty phase, to
consider this particular murderer. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>California perceived another flaw: if the alternative to
death was a life sentence—which was widely understood to mean a period of years
before parole—jurors were likely to favor death. So, California added “life
without the possibility of parole” (lwopp) as the only alternative to death
once guilt of special circumstance murder was found. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>But how would that choice be made? What distinguishes
those who merit death from those who don’t? </i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>California turned out a list of “aggravating factors” and
“mitigating factors.” These are guidelines for juries, with instructions to
decide which “outweigh” the others. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yet, even with these stricter conditions, the practice
results in a wide variance in results. Of the capital cases I have handled that
have gone to penalty phases, the only one the led to a death verdict is no more
deserving than the others that resulted in life sentences. I mean that by any
objective standard: the number of murders, the manner of killing, the
background of the culprits, and any other factors that apply. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The difference between the one and the others was just as
arbitrary and capricious as the application of the law has ever been. And my
experience is far from unique.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Carlos decision had a huge
effect on murder cases all over the state. It reduced the number of special
circs cases, resulting in offers of lesser sentences. It encouraged defenses
relating to mental illnesses that affected a person’s ability to form the
intent to kill. Defense lawyers had to delve deeply into a client’s mental
state: delusions, drug psychosis, brain injury, retardation, all might limit a
person’s ability to form the intent to kill. Psychiatrists, school records,
family histories, and many more sources were now sought. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After Carlos, the court had to
decide whether to apply the holding retroactively, that is, to cases that were
finished before Carlos required the intent to kill. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">The next year, in People v.
Garcia, they decided that it should apply. Ironically, the court’s opinion
cited another case that I had briefed and argued, Donaldson v. Superior Court.
In that case the court refused to retroactively apply its holding in a case
called DeLancie v. Superior Court, that limited bugging of conversations
between visitors to police stations. They had to distinguish Garcia from
Donaldson, and they did so. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Over time, the court considered
cases that had been tried before Carlos. They reversed any case where the issue
of intent to kill might have been raised, and that included the mental issues.
It resulted in many reversals. Cases were sent back to the trial courts for
retrial on the special circs, now requiring proof of intent to kill. Many of
these were dropped to first-degree murders. Others were bargained down even
further. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I represented Carlos when his case
came back. Without special circs, the DA agreed to reduce it to second-degree
murder (fifteen years to life, with possible parole). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The strain on the Supreme Court
produced some anomalous results. One case involved a murder in which the victim’s
body was mutilated by cutting off hands and head. How could one possibly argue
that this was done without the intent to kill? The court majority argued that
the mutilations might have been after death, to prevent identification. They
sent it back for retrial. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The media reported cases like that
one as examples of a liberal activist court going overboard to enforce its
personal agenda of opposition to capital punishment. They focused on CJ Rose
Bird as the enemy and other justices as accomplices. Sadly, they were on the
ballot for renewal of their terms. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Bird court “liberal activism”
had offended the insurance industry by broadening the rights of plaintiffs when
they proved that the companies acted in “bad faith” by stonewalling obviously
legitimate claims. Other decisions had favored consumers over banks and other
powerful institutions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a result, a well-funded campaign
was launched to get rid of the nuisances on the court. The death penalty rulings
became the focus of the ad campaign. It worked. Bird and three others were
recalled. Four more timid and conservative appointees eventually limited or
reversed many of the Bird court decisions. This followed the national trend:
after the Warren Court, the Burger and Renquist courts managed to mangle that
court’s legacy of expanding civil liberties. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Carlos was “good law” until 1987
when the US </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Supreme Court reversed itself by allowing death where there was no
proof of intent to kill, but only showed “recklessness.” They upheld a state’s
death verdict on someone who helped a friend escape from jail and kidnap
someone. Because he should have known that his friend was a dangerous killer,
he was reckless and deserved the penalty. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bad cases make bad law. </b></i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>This is bad law because it lessens
the certainty that imposition of the death penalty should demand. The concept
of “intent to kill” is far easier for prosecutors, judges and jurors to measure
than vague notions like “reckless indifference to life.”</b> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">(For example, Tison v.
Arizona, the SCOTUS case that imposed this lesser standard, applied it to a
young man who was helping someone escape from prison, opining that he should
have known that the fellow he was helping would be likely to kill someone
during the escape.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nonetheless, California quickly passed laws
and ballot measures to conform to the SCOTUS decision, deleting the intent to
kill requirement for felony murders and installing the “major participant” / “reckless
indifference” standard for aiders. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recently, Governor Brown signed into
law <b>SB 1437</b> that further amends felony murder law. Although it retains the “reckless
indifference” test, it does do two things that might weaken the severity of the
f-m law.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It purports to negate the doctrine
that courts have applied for many years: that a felon is liable for deaths that
are a “natural and probable consequence” of the felony. This standard was
applied in response criticism of the rule: that it shouldn’t be applied unless
a resulting death is “foreseeable.” But these terms are so vague that they lead
to results that are so variable that similar acts are treated differently in
different cases. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The key provision that may have the
greatest effect is that it is specifically intended to be retroactive. All who
were convicted of first or second degree felony murders on a theory that the
deaths were a natural and probable consequence of their actions, can petition
for rehearing. The prosecutor would have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that they had the intent to kill or were major participants who acted with
reckless indifference to life. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How prosecutors, judges, and appellate
courts deal with this will be the sub</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">ject of a new body of jurisprudence.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Two things are certain: first, of
course, there will be more work for lawyers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-66464606996668119022018-10-25T14:27:00.000-07:002018-10-25T14:29:11.064-07:00Note from my unwritten autobiography ... <div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A public defender does not choose his clients; they are assigned
to him. The client, who cannot afford to choose his own, is in the same
position. That’s why I thought my first job was to convince the client that
whoever had made the choice for each of us wasn’t nuts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Usually this worked out. I made sure I looked the part:
well-tailored, Mont Blanc pen, leather briefcase, engraved business cards. I
never introduced myself by my bureaucratic title: “Deputy Public Defender,
Grade IV.” Rather, I was an attorney there to represent him or her in the
matter before the court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Usually, it got me off to a decent start. Sometimes, the
resistance was stiffer. One client fingered the card, examined my name, and
asked, “You a Jew?” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Anti-Semitism is not the only objection that a person in
this position might have. A bit less common than: “You work with the DA?” or “The
system pays you, don’t they?” or “Why can’t I have a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">real</i> lawyer?” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The idea in this first encounter is to build confidence.
Truth is therefore recommended. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">So, I said, “Yes, I am.” My demeanor was
intentionally affirmative, neither confrontational nor apologetic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The client nodded his head and relaxed. “Good. Jews are
smart.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large;">This client’s logic was fairly straightforward and rather
unimpeachable. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I was a lawyer. I was a Jew. Jews are smart. Hence, I was a
smart lawyer. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">That is the sort of stereotypical nonsense I could work with. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-21006692189695586742018-10-17T10:05:00.000-07:002018-10-17T10:05:07.066-07:00CRIME IN FILMS AND LITERATURE: "THE LETTER"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nHuYn4wqEUk/W8drTI7j6aI/AAAAAAAABGU/fjVJc_AUxBoiId5yIn-0mEbg73sY0459gCEwYBhgL/s1600/Scales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1553" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nHuYn4wqEUk/W8drTI7j6aI/AAAAAAAABGU/fjVJc_AUxBoiId5yIn-0mEbg73sY0459gCEwYBhgL/s320/Scales.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Recently, I read “The Letter,” the 1926 short story by W.
Somerset Maugham. I have seen the 1940 movie directed by William Wyler and starring
Bette Davis, which adapted the story for the screen. The story had previously
been filmed in 1929, starring Jeanne Eagels, the tragic actress who soon died
from drug use. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Before that, Maugham had written it as a play. It was a hit in
London (starring Gladys Cooper) and Broadway (Katharine Cornell). It has been
revived several times. Other film versions have been produced over the years in
many languages: French, of course, German, Spanish, Italian, and as late as
1987, in Russian. American and British television networks have aired several productions,
dating from the 1950’s. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The story is set in the British colony of Malaya. Howard
Joyce is a lawyer. He and his wife are friends with the Crosbies, Robert and
Leslie. Robert owns and runs a rubber plantation. His apparently dutiful
English wife, Leslie, stays in their home and does needle work while her
husband is often away on business. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">One night, Leslie shoots and kills a neighbor, Geoff Hammond,
who, she says, tried to rape her. He had come to the house, unbidden,
apparently drunk, and had suddenly and without warning, molested her. She had
grabbed a pistol that her husband had left for her protection from natives, and
shot him in self-defense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The lawyer thinks he has a fairly good case for acquittal of
a sympathetic woman. The one element of the crime that he worries about is that
she had emptied the chamber, shooting her assailant not once but six times, each
one a likely fatal round. Still, her story is coherent and consistent, and so
he is confident. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Joyce worries that the number of shots fired diminishes
self-defense. The law permits one to use only that amount of force needed to
resist bodily harm. Yet, in our time, the law certainly would recognize that
the panic of the situation understandably would cause a woman to keep firing
the weapon, and that would not weaken the self-defense claim. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A factor in her favor is Hammond’s reputation. Although he
had been well liked as an amusing fellow Englishman, he was lately rumored to
be living with a Chinese woman. Among the smug tight-knit English community,
this was frowned upon, a sign of weak character. It was sure to affect the
attitudes of judge, prosecutor and jury. It fit well into Leslie’s explanation
that she and her husband had dropped him as a guest and friend when his
drinking and behavior became intolerable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Then, Joyce’s clerk, a young Chinese man, shows Joyce a copy
of a letter supposedly written by Leslie Crosbie to Hammond, asking him in
emotional and intimate language to come to her house that night. The person who
has the original is willing sell it for a great deal of money. Joyce is
noncommittal but probes Leslie about it. At first she denies writing any such
letter, sticks to her story. But she sees the potential damage, and urges her
lawyer to buy it. She suggests that he ask her husband for the money. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Eventually, she admits that the letter is authentic, but she
says she only wanted Hammond’s advice about a gun she intended to buy for
Robert’s birthday. After the shooting, she had forgotten about it, but then was
afraid to admit it because of how it appeared. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Joyce is dubious about this, and has ethical qualms about
suppressing evidence. But as his friend’s life is in his hands, he agrees to
buy the letter. He tells Robert that he needs the money. Robert at first doesn’t
seem to understand the full import, and is so trusting and loving of his wife
that he agrees to pay the ransom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The letter is bought, suppressed and Leslie is acquitted.
Robert then reveals that he didn’t believe her fallback story about the gun,
especially because that night he had gone out to buy a gun and had run into
Hammond and told him about it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the end, Leslie confesses that she and Hammond had been
lovers for years. They had stolen many hours together, whenever her husband was
away, or distracted. Then, about a year ago, Hammond had cooled toward her. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">She heard about his living with the Chinese woman. She
tolerated it for a while, but he found more excuses not to see Leslie. She
became frantic; she wrote the letter begging him to come to her. When he did,
he told her that he was ending their affair. He married his Chinese woman and
loved her and despised and pitied Leslie. She clutched at him as he left, and
he threw her down. She grabbed the gun and shot him in rage. She thought he had
burnt this letter, as they each had done so many times before. But his wife had
found it and wanted payback. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the story and play, that is the end. Robert and Leslie go
on, perhaps not as before, but they do endure. The 1940 script, written by
Howard Koch (who had written the script for Orson Welles’ radio broadcast of “War
of The Worlds”) ends with Hollywood production code justice: the Chinese wife (played
by exotic looking, but not Asian Gail Sondergard) stabs Leslie in the moonlit
garden. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">We know from reading the screens of our favorite films and TV
shows, that many fictional stories are “based on true events.” This is
especially true of stories that involve crimes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Maugham based “The Letter” on a notorious case he knew about
from his travels in Asia. In 1911, a Eurasian woman named Ethel Proudlock was
convicted by a judge of murder that was similar to the one in the story. She
had emptied a revolver into the body of a man who she claimed had tried to rape
her while her husband dined with friends. Apparently Ethel’s testimony was
disbelieved and she was sentenced to death, although she was soon pardoned
after pleas from her husband and others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Maugham changed some of the elements for dramatic purpose
and others for thematic reasons. Certainly he saw it as an example of the ills
of the British colonial system, the hypocrisy of the colonial society,
particularly its racism. Leslie is an Englishwoman, not a Eurasian, and the man
she shot had violated a social code by marrying out of his race, so she is
acquitted of the crime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The element of the lawyer’s ethical quandary is one that
interests me. Joyce is a decent, moral man, who takes his profession seriously.
He accepts the burden of defending his client and wants to save her life. When
she asks him if he believes her innocence, he hesitates, but gives her the
professional answer that I have given many times. It is not his role to judge,
but to state the case for the defense in the most favorable light that the
evidence permits. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But when he must choose between his ethics and his client’s
welfare, he decides to suppress the inculpatory evidence. He does this fully
aware that he is violating one of the sacred rules of law and that if
discovered, he might forfeit his career and in fact be prosecuted and jailed
for his crime. He also knows that he is concealing her guilt from his friend,
her gullible and trusting husband. He allows her to convince him that Robert
would be destroyed if he knew that she had deceived him. Robert, in his naïve faith
in his loving wife and his need for her, gives Joyce evidence of his fragility.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A lawyer is trained to keep secrets. He alone carries the
confidences of his clients and of many others. He keeps his own secrets apart
from his closest loved ones—to protect them from the secrets that are his
burden. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When a lawyer comes upon evidence that might hurt his
client, it raises serious problems. The first duty of a defense lawyer is to
serve his client’s interests. Anything communicated between client and counsel
is privileged, protected from exposure. The societal purpose of this idea is to
allow a free exchange of information between the two. If the client thinks the
lawyer will disclose incriminating info, he will not disclose it to his lawyer.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The issue becomes complicated with physical evidence. If it
is the gun or other “instrumentality” of the crime, the rules prohibit the
lawyer from destroying or concealing it. But at the same time, he can’t hurt
his client and he can’t become a witness against his client. The ethics
opinions grapple with this dilemma, coming up with not wholly satisfactory
compromises. The lawyer may refuse possession of the weapon, return it to where
it was found. Or he may go to a judge and turn it over, obtaining an order that
shields the source of the information from the prosecutor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this case, the letter is not an instrumentality of the
crime, but it is evidence that incriminates the defendant by inference. It
contradicts her story and raises the suspicion of the affair. It can be argued
that once the lawyer came into possession of this evidence he had no duty to
disclose it without a court order, subpoena, or discovery request. The notion
is that the prosecution bears the burden of proof and must do so without the
help of the defense. The defendant’s right to not incriminate himself includes
his counsel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But if the evidence was removed from its original location,
thus depriving the prosecution the chance to find it, ethics opinions suggest
that the lawyer has a duty to put it back where it was found. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">What would happen if the lawyer suppressed the letter, and
then the victim’s wife turned around and told the prosecutor about it? In the
racial atmosphere, they may not have believed her. But they might have demanded
the lawyer turn over the letter. Would he compound his crime by denying its
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">existence? There was also the clerk who brokered the deal. And what of the
husband? Would he keep the secret forever? </span><o:p></o:p>Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-70152650692625247842018-06-27T17:38:00.000-07:002018-06-27T17:39:56.828-07:00ABE LINCOLN FOR THE DEFENSE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--wJ2VT1OxHE/SbwrOVCNfSI/AAAAAAAAAEs/e-DCfEFelvgZGrCmkqGHCheTFxU9-0-5wCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/scan0008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="673" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--wJ2VT1OxHE/SbwrOVCNfSI/AAAAAAAAAEs/e-DCfEFelvgZGrCmkqGHCheTFxU9-0-5wCPcBGAYYCw/s320/scan0008.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Abraham Lincoln is the closest thing we have to an American saint. His
martyrdom sealed that. His speeches—at Gettysburg, at his two inaugurals, the
proclamation emancipating slaves in the rebel states, and in his debates with
Douglas—define American aspirational values better than any document since the
Declaration of Independence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Yet, what makes him attractive is that, although his face is carved in
granite on Mount Rushmore and in his monumental memorial in Washington D.C.,
Abe Lincoln still seems quite human rather than unapproachable and larger than
life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For me, a big part of my sense of Lincoln’s humanity is the fact that we
shared a common profession. We were both practicing lawyers. Not only lawyers
but members of a special branch of the profession: trial lawyers who spent many
years taking seriously the task of trying cases before judges and juries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I knew that for twenty years—from about age twenty-seven—he rode the
circuit in his state, traveling with a band of lawyers and judges to the
various outlying villages where they would take cases and adjudicate disputes.
It was how he learned his trade, enjoyed the camaraderie of colleagues, honed
his skills at argument, oratory, and gained a deep understanding of the
frailties of human nature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I was happy to learn that he also represented clients in criminal cases,
both serious and petty. Having watched John Ford’s 1939 classic film, <i>“Abe Lincoln
In Illinois,”</i> starring Henry Fonda, I learned that he defended in a murder
case, one involving eyewitness identification. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Not trusting the accuracy of movies, I read about this case in legal
essays. Duff Armstrong was accused of killing a man one night after an argument
at a fair. Lincoln made headlines by persuading the judge to take notice of the
Farmer’s Almanac, which proved that the moon had set long before the stabbing,
so that the eyewitness who claimed to identify Lincoln’s client as the culprit
by moonlight was lying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I later found out about another of his clients, Melissa Goings. She was
an elderly woman who killed her abusive husband and was prosecuted for murder.
Knowing the history of the couple, the townspeople of their village so
sympathized with Melissa that they raised her bail money. When a new judge
harshly threatened to revoke bail and remand the old woman to custody pending
trial, she fled. The judge asked Lincoln what he knew of this. Lincoln said he
had asked to interview her. She was placed in a room on the first floor of the
courthouse. Lincoln emerged to get her some water and when he returned she had
gone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As the story goes, the judge questioned Lincoln about the interview and
he supposedly told the judge that she had asked him for a drink of water and he
merely remarked in passing that the water in Tennessee was clear and sweet. Legal
historians speculate that the local prosecutor was not anxious to try the woman
either, and so might have winked at Lincoln’s solution to the case. The warrant
for her arrest was never served.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">These cases became part of the Lincoln legend, the folksy wit and sharp
legal mind that we find so heroic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But what I found later was that in fact, he tried twenty-seven murder
cases over the course of his career, and that he lost some of them—in fact, one
murder case he lost led to his client’s execution. I was hooked. The parallel
to my own experiences gave me an almost eerie sense of familiarity, and (it
seems ridiculous to write the words) almost a feeling of brotherhood with the
man. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I spent almost twenty years as a public defender and the rest of my
forty-four year career in private criminal defense practice. My legal community
was just as close knit as was Lincoln’s, with friendships tied to mutual respect,
among lawyers who defended, or prosecuted, or were elevated to the judiciary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In my time, I tried many murder cases including some in which the death
penalty was sought. Just as soldiers of one era may feel a kinship with those
of any other time, I suspected that Lincoln’s experiences might be something
like those I lived through.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">So that is why I was anxious to read a new book, titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Lincoln's Last Trial: The Murder Case That
Propelled Him to the Presidency,</b></i> authored by Dan Abrams and David Fisher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Like those in my experience, the killing was a commonplace sort of act,
not the kind that murder mysteries and thrillers are made of. There was no
whodunit, no issue as to cause of death, no car chases, no brilliant forensics.
Two friends quarreled over a minor domestic issue and it escalated into
threats, a confrontation, a fight, and, eventually, a stabbing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In that sense, the case was closer to those I knew of than those in
fictional dramas. Although it contained no esoteric features, the case still
involved elements that demanded the skills of a seasoned advocate. For one
thing, the defendant claimed self-defense, although he brought a knife to a
fistfight and fatally stabbed a man who was unarmed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But the victim was bigger and stronger than the defendant, who was
smaller and weaker. The victim had told others that he intended to beat the
defendant, to “stomp him.” But did the defendant know of this intent? Was that
why the defendant carried the knife, or did he intend to kill his antagonist no
matter what? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This is one of the most complicated and difficult defenses to present. The
law in 1859 was similar to today: you may use only the force reasonably
necessary to defend yourself from the perceived threat. You may use deadly
force only if you are in reasonable fear of great bodily harm or death. You
must back away from the danger if you can (unless in your own home), but can
defend yourself if you must. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The law is strict and precise, yet subtle in its implications. The
lawyer must understand and be able to communicate the most complex of human
feelings: fear, anger, malice, self-survival. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1859, the task of the defense lawyer was made far more difficult by a
quirk in the existing law. The prevailing rule of evidence precluded the
defendant from testifying for himself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When I first read this, I was shocked. The defendant’s testimony is usually
essential to presenting self-defense. But experienced lawyers know that it is
far more complex than that. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For one thing, most defendants make poor witnesses. One slip of the lip,
one false note, and the entire case is lost, no matter how weak the
prosecution’s case, no matter how much reasonable doubt you have sown through
careful cross-examination of other witnesses. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During jury selection, I usually asked the following series of
questions: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">1. Do you think it is fair to make up your mind before you hear both
sides of the story?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">2. Will you follow the judge’s instruction that every witness, whether
called by the prosecution or the defense, must be treated the same or would you
disregard witnesses because they testify for the defense? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">3. If the defendant testifies in his own behalf, would you disregard his
testimony merely because he is the defendant? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Although most prospective jurors answered that they would be “fair to
both sides,” many admitted that they might discount a defendant’s testimony,
believing that any defendant would lie to save himself. In fact, that was the
basis of the old law preventing the accused from testifying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I found it interesting that the same jurors often admitted they might be
prejudiced against a defendant who chose to remain silent even though he had a
right under the 5<sup>th</sup> Amendment to do so. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">On reflection, I wonder if the old law helped the defense by removing
the choice from the defendant, thus eliminating the juror’s bias about the
issue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Nonetheless, it placed a great burden on the lawyers to establish the
defense without the defendant’s word. In this case, however, there were a
number of witnesses present. The prosecution called some and the defense called
others. As expected, the versions varied, depending on the skills of the
lawyers to bring out the truth, or at least the most reasonable version of the
truth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The law makes certain presumptions which in reality may or may not be
accurate. Some are carryovers from a more naïve age. One is the idea of the
“dying declaration.” Hearsay is defined as an out of court statement that is
offered to prove the matter asserted in the statement—such as “He said he saw
the man commit the crime, or “She said she saw someone else commit the crime.”
If the person who made the statement is not available to be examined under
oath, then the witness who says he heard the statement won’t be allowed testify
to it—if the issue is who committed the crime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But there are exceptions, some of which have been recognized for
centuries. If the person who made the statement was near death, and knew she
was near death, and speaks about the cause of her impending death, and then
dies and is therefore unavailable for later trial, then the person who heard
the statement may relate it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The reason for the exception is that, among religious people, it was a
sin to die with a lie on one’s lips. People believed in an immortal soul, and confession,
atonement, forgiveness, were such strong values that it was considered probable
that such a statement at that time was true. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Lincoln’s case, the victim had spoken to a minister as he lay dying.
He begged for forgiveness because he felt himself responsible for his death,
not the man who stabbed him. This buttressed the defense claim that the victim
had sought the fight and had been stabbed in self-defense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In one of my cases, a man emerged from a grocery store late one night,
his arms full of shopping bags. He was accosted by another man who ran across
the street. Without a word the man pulled a sawed off shotgun from inside of
his jacket. The gun went off and the man with the bags fell, dying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the ambulance, he was told he was dying and was asked what happened.
He said in Spanish, “Era un robo.” “It was a robbery.” The DA wanted to use the
statement, because even an accidental or negligent killing during an attempted
robbery equals first-degree murder. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, the judge in my case denied the motion, agreeing with me that
another condition of the dying declaration exception was not met. The statement
must be one of fact, not merely opinion or belief. In my case, no words were
spoken, no demands made. It was only the victim’s fear that caused him to
assume that it was meant to be a robbery. (My client was guilty of
manslaughter, a lesser crime.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The oddity in Lincoln’s case was that the minister to whom the victim
made the statement was the grandfather of the defendant, the man who stabbed
him. This might have made the witness’s credibility doubtful, but he happened
to be famously respected in the community for his honesty. The judge allowed
the testimony and the prosecutor failed to raise enough doubt on the veracity
of the testimony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">That raises another oddity that makes this case different from any of my
experience. Almost everyone involved in the case seemed to know each other and
be friends. That did not only include the lawyers on both sides and the judge,
but also the witnesses, the defendant, his family, the victim and his family,
and many of the jurors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For instance, the prosecutor (Palmer) and Lincoln had been law partners.
The victim (Greek Crafton) had studied law in Lincoln’s office, and Lincoln was
said to have thought highly of him. The minister (Reverend Cartwright) had run
for office against Lincoln and had verbally attacked Lincoln as an atheist. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lincoln’s co-counsel was Steven Trigg Logan, a former judge with whom
Lincoln had partnered early in his career. They had been co-counsels in
Lincoln’s first murder trial in 1838, which was somewhat factually similar to
this one. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Back then, they defended Henry Truett in the murder of Dr. Jacob Early.
Another dying declaration, but in this one the victim named Truett as his
killer. The motive was Truett’s anger over remarks Early had made about
Truett’s appointment to a political office. The defense was, again,
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">self-defense—in the argument, Early had raised a heavy chair before he was
shot. (The prosecutor in this case was none other than Steven Douglas.)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The authors, citing many newspaper accounts, attribute the three-hour
not guilty verdict to Lincoln’s brilliant summation. Describing his style of
jury argument they struck another chord for me:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“When he approached the jury box and leaned over close, he was just
talking to some friends. ...</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
People simply liked him. It was never an act; there was nothing flamboyant or
showy about the man. ... [H]e reasoned with them calmly and treated them with
respect and so they believed him.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
(Kindle Locations 494-496.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In my experience, the best lawyers value their credibility as their most
important asset, especially with juries. It is something crucial to preserve
from the first day to the last—beginning with jury selection and dealing with
the opposition, with the judge, with witnesses, with items of evidence. In
argument, speaking directly to the jury, a lawyer who has lost their trust has
lost the case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The authors make the argument that the case was important in furthering
Lincoln’s political career because it was widely reported in the national
press. Lincoln by then was well known (after his debates with Douglas) and was
being spoken of as a possible presidential candidate. Much of his reputation
was as a brilliant trial lawyer, and a loss might have tarnished that fame. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When the client was acquitted, the town of Springfield was divided over
the verdict, but none who supported the victim’s family blamed Lincoln for his
defense. In his argument he had shown nothing but respect for the family’s
grief and had even made a point of extolling the victim’s character, while
bemoaning the tragic sequence of bad decisions that the young man had made. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">It was another example of the humanity that the man, Abe Lincoln,
brought to the law and eventually, to our American values. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-70735757178613403652018-04-08T13:20:00.001-07:002018-04-08T13:22:47.390-07:00GETTYSBURG VS MIDWAY: YAMAMOTO VS LEE<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vcl3teWLEuE/Wsp49HKuR0I/AAAAAAAABEc/rzq50LBTpj0JedOaC3p9vdMIp8_JgimwwCLcBGAs/s1600/6700318315_7fbaa6d527_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="388" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vcl3teWLEuE/Wsp49HKuR0I/AAAAAAAABEc/rzq50LBTpj0JedOaC3p9vdMIp8_JgimwwCLcBGAs/s320/6700318315_7fbaa6d527_z.jpg" width="194" /></a><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0jNVwhosjdU/Wsp49GzmoQI/AAAAAAAABEg/_dAfxH8QRVMkORYktMpoioUeFVyPni0NwCLcBGAs/s1600/36639493281_17e09369a0_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0jNVwhosjdU/Wsp49GzmoQI/AAAAAAAABEg/_dAfxH8QRVMkORYktMpoioUeFVyPni0NwCLcBGAs/s320/36639493281_17e09369a0_z.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>GETTYSBURG VS MIDWAY: YAMAMOTO VS LEE</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Gettysburg (July 1863) and Midway (June 1942) are historic
battles that have so much in common that it is eerie. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both battle sites were strategic locations in their wars. If
the Union army were defeated at Gettysburg, the road to Washington would be
opened to the Confederates. If the Midway Islands were occupied by Japan, and
if the American navy’s aircraft carriers were destroyed in the process, Hawaii
and even the west coast seemed to be vulnerable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Thus, both are considered by historians to be “turning
points” of their wars, although neither really was. After each battle, there still
were to be many more years of war; many thousands of lives lost. But in each
case, the losers were so damaged that they were forced to the defensive from
then on until the final bitter defeat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Coincidentally, both battles were fought over three tense days,
but turned on just a few violent minutes when the issue was in doubt, teetered,
and was unalterably determined. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>THE LOSING COMMANDERS</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The most glaring and interesting fact is how similar General
Robert E. Lee and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the commanders of the losing
forces, were to each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Up until Gettysburg, General R. E. Lee had won a string of
victories over the Union army. He had outsmarted every general Lincoln had
appointed to face him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Up until Midway, Admiral Yamamoto had made his navy the
dominant force in the Pacific. He had devised the raid on Pearl Harbor that
crippled the US Navy. His forces had destroyed all of the capital ships the
British Navy had in the Pacific. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both leaders were idolized by their subordinates, feared and
respected by their enemies, and are admired by historians for their character
traits as much as for their military brilliance. Both were reputed to be
dignified gentlemen, decent human beings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both had been reluctant to go to war. Lee opposed secession
but yielded to his perception of duty to his state. He knew that his army could
not defeat the vastly more numerous and better equipped Union forces,
especially in a lengthy war of attrition. He knew that the best hope was to
force a negotiated peace by audacious victories in battle after battle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Yamamoto strongly advised Japanese politicians against war
versus the US. He foresaw the eventual disaster, famously predicting that he
might “run wild” for six months to a year at most before the US geared up its
enormous industrial potential to overwhelm Japan. Yet, once the die was cast,
he devised the strategy that gave Japan the best chance of forcing the US to
the table to at least accept Japan as the dominant power in Asia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The final stunning similarity is that both brilliant
military leaders lost due to the same constellation of factors: both suffered
from overconfidence—in themselves, and in the forces they led; both were
mythologized as “invincible” and both men began to believe the myths; both finally
ran up against opposing commanders who were not intimidated by their
reputations; both men were gamblers who ran out of luck, as the element of chance
finally turned against them with disastrous effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Yet, both commanders were gracious in defeat. Both accepted
the blame for it, and both offered to resign. In each case, their superiors
(Jefferson Davis and Emperor Hirohito) turned down the offer, seeing that they
were the best they had. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both men would continue fighting for years, never again to
gain the initiative, both to lead hopeless defensive struggles from then on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Of course, there were important differences between the
battles, and between the two losing commanders. Lee’s army was numerically
inferior to the Union’s; at Midway, Japan outnumbered the US in men,
experience, and arms. The technology of war had changed in eighty years,
altering the odds and giving secret advantages to Yamamoto’s foe that Lee never
had to face. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of these commanders would die long before the war’s end;
the other would survive to accept defeat. History would praise both commanders,
even though one of them was a traitor to his country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>THE STRATEGIES</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Both battles resulted from strategies devised by the losing
commanders and both strategies backfired disastrously for the losing forces. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Lee’s desperate strategy was to pressure the Union into
negotiations by defeating them decisively on their own turf. He had won many
battles against inept Union generals, but they had been fought on Southern
fields, when the Union army had “invaded” Virginia. He also wanted to relieve
pressure on Vicksburg, which was under siege by Grant. By threatening
Washington itself, he hoped to distract the Union and divide their forces, his
favorite technique. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A year before, in 1862, Lee “invaded” Maryland, a border
state that was still in the Union and just a few miles from the US capitol. The
Battle of Antietam in September was an inconclusive bloodbath, although a
strategic victory for the Union because Lee was forced to retreat back to
Virginia. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(Lee’s setback at Antietam kept Maryland in the Union and
allowed Lincoln’s party to keep control of Congress; a year later, the timing
of the Gettysburg battle was also significant; the victory allowed Lincoln to
issue his Emancipation Proclamation.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Yamamoto had a similar experience some eighty years later.
In May 1942, Japan intended to invade and occupy Port Moresby, on the island of
New Guinea, an action that threatened the shipping lifeline to Australia and
New Zealand. In the Battle of The Coral Sea, a US Navy aircraft carrier task
force fought a Japanese navy carrier force. It was the first battle in history
in which the opposing naval warships fought each other without ever seeing the
enemy; it was fought entirely through the air. Each side lost a carrier (the
USS Lexington was sunk and the Yorktown damaged). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Just as Antietam, Coral Sea was a strategic defeat for the
invading forces, which had to retreat and abandon its planned invasion, even
though it was a tactical draw in terms of losses. In both cases, the losers
could ill afford trading losses with enemies that had much deeper resources of
men and equipment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">After Antietam, Lee resumed his winning ways, outsmarting
Union generals at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Despite being
outnumbered and outgunned every time, Lee had defeated McClellan, Burnside, and
Hooker. There seemed a real chance that England might recognize the Confederate
States of America as an independent nation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">By July 1863, Lee’s myth of invincibility was at its height.
Lee decided to cash in, attacking the North again, this time through
Pennsylvania. His march would relieve pressure on the South by forcing the
Union army to fight him on grounds he chose. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even before Coral
Sea, Yamamoto had been convinced that he had to force a confrontation with the
US Navy’s aircraft carriers. Pearl Harbor’s great success was tempered by
failure to catch the American carriers there. The raid on Tokyo in April by
Doolittle’s B-25’s taking off from the USS Hornet, just a few hundred miles
from Japan, was a serious embarrassment. Although the damage had been slight,
bombs fell close to the imperial palace, endangering the emperor; this was intolerable.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In early 1942, Japan had more carriers in the Pacific than
the US. Yamamoto knew that this would not last much longer, considering
America’s manufacturing power. He was told that two US carriers (Lexington and
Yorktown) had been sunk at Coral Sea. That left only two US carriers left
(Enterprise and Hornet). He had the six that had attacked Pearl Harbor, though
two were docked for repairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">To lure the US carriers to their destruction, his planners
decided to invade the US held Midway Islands. The US would be forced to defend
or retake the islands because of the threat to Hawaii. Once the island’s
defenses were overwhelmed and Japanese planes had landed there, the US carriers
would be entrapped by vastly superior forces. Four aircraft carriers, supported
by a huge fleet of battleships and cruisers; hundreds of superior Japanese flyers
would destroy the far less experienced US forces. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>INTELLIGENCE AND SURVEILLANCE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1863, the Union army knew that Lee was moving, although
they were unsure precisely what route he would be taking. Lee didn’t know exactly
where the Union army was, either, as his massive army marched north. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1942, the US had a secret weapon that gave them a huge
advantage; Navy cryptanalysts in Hawaii (led by Joseph Rochefort) had broken
the Japanese naval code to the extent that they could predict where and when
Japan would next attack with amazing precision. The navy dockyard workers also secretly
repaired the Yorktown, and thus Admiral Nimitz, the US commander, had three
carriers (in addition to the reinforced air power on Midway), somewhat
shortening the odds, though, in the eyes of all including the brass in
Washington, they still favored the Japanese. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Intel problems of another sort were also common elements to
these battles. In 1863, the cavalry were the eyes of the army. Units were sent
galloping away to probe for the enemy and to report back to the commander. In
the Pacific in 1942, scouting the enemy was done by submarines and planes
designed or adapted for long-range flights. The Pacific is vast and spotting
and identifying ships from high altitudes was chancey. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(The US had another secret advantage in 1942: shipboard
radar would forewarn of attacking formations of bombers, allowing time to
prepare defenses and damage control, but planes were not then equipped with
radar and thus were limited to the naked eyes of pilots and observers). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">General Lee was blinded by his cavalry commander’s failure
to locate the Union Army. General J.E.B. Stuart was the culprit there. At
Midway, Yamamoto was stationed in his flagship, a battleship that was steaming
many miles behind the vanguard of his aircraft carriers (commanded locally by
Admiral Nagumo). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1942, Japanese surveillance failed to locate the American
carriers for several reasons: first, the US, knowing the details of the
Japanese plan, had occupied the islets of Frigate Shoals before Japanese subs
could get there to refuel. Thus, the subs were unable to complete their
mission. Then luck took part: a Japanese scout plane’s takeoff was delayed, and
another had engine trouble. They just happened to be assigned the sector of ocean
where the US fleet was lying in wait. (The location was appropriately
designated, “Point Luck.”) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">US scout planes from Midway were luckier. Intel had
correctly predicted that the Japanese would be attacking from the northwest of
Midway. That narrowed the scope of their search. They spotted the carriers and
sent back the urgent message, “many planes headed Midway.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>FATE AND CHANCE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In 1863, the town of Gettysburg was not expecting to be at
the center of a huge battle, although it was strategically located at the
junction of several important roads. Neither side planned to do battle there,
and it began as a shock to both. Rebel units arrived in town looking for shoes
and ran up against US cavalry units that happened to arrive there. A skirmish
became a battle as more units arrived on each side. The Rebels outnumbered the
Union forces but the Union barely held their ground until reinforcements arrived.
The opposing armies gravitated to the site as if magnetically drawn. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">By the time Lee arrived, it was apparent that the Union
forces held strong defensive positions on the high ground. Lee’s subordinates,
especially General Longstreet, advised against fighting a huge battle there.
(By then it was clear that frontal assaults on strongly defended positions were
futile; artillery and massed gunfire time after time had inflicted unspeakably
high casualties on the attackers.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Longstreet advised moving the army between Gettysburg and
Washington, thus forcing the Union army to attack them. But Lee stubbornly
insisted that this is where he would make his stand. Do or die. Now. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Some in the navy and many in the army had opposed Yamamoto’s
Midway plan. Some navy men thought his plan too complex, depended on too many
assumptions as to the US intentions and capabilities, relied too heavily on
tenuous intel and lacked sufficient resources allocated for surveillance.
Overall, the plan was too rigid; it didn’t allow for improvisation. These
objections were cast aside in the “victory fever” but proved to be correct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Japanese Army generals (who dominated the government) had
other objections. They wanted the navy to support its plans for more invasions
and occupations in the South Pacific, including New Guinea and the Solomon
Islands. (Yamamoto agreed to planned operation to invade Port Moresby, New
Guinea in May in order to placate the army brass). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">All opposition to the Midway operation was dropped after the
Doolittle Tokyo raid and the Battle of Coral Sea proved Yamamoto’s point about
the threat of US carriers. As with Lee, the opposition faded in response to
Yamamoto’s reputation for success and his forceful personality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>THE RAZOR’S EDGE</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On day two of Gettysburg, the Confederates came close to
routing the Union army. Desperate fights led to near victories: at the Devil’s
Den, at the Peach Orchard, the Wheatfield, and Cemetary Ridge, and most
critically, at Little Round Top. In each pitched battle, the Union forces were
bent just short of the breaking point, but barely held on. At the end of the
day, Lee thought he needed one more great push to break the enemy’s back. On
day three he bet all his chips on a frontal assault that would be known to
history as Pickett’s Charge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">At Midway, the full fury of the battle was released on the very
first day; in fact, by the end of the morning, the entire battle was all but
decided. By the end of the day, it was virtually over, although it went on for
two more days until the two forces finally recognized its end. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Although eighty years of technology had permitted the
compression of action into minutes instead of hours and days, there was still
enough delay for the issue to be doubted by either side. The agonizing and
deadly minutes must have seemed to the participants as hours, days, or
more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The American attack on the carriers began ineptitude and
suicidal but ineffectual courage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Early in the morning of June 4, planes from Midway attacked
the Japanese carriers with complete futility. B-17’s bombed from 20,000 feet
and hit nothing; B-25’s swooped low and were shot down. Dive bombers and
torpedo planes from the island’s marine squadron hit nothing and were shot
down. Marine fighter pilots were decimated by Japanese fighters while their
bombers severely damaged the island’s defenses. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Planes from the three US carriers did even worse. Carrier
planes were of three types: torpedo bombers, dive bombers, and fighters.
Optimal tactics required a combined attack: torpedo planes at sea level attacking
from different directions while dive bombers dropped from above. Fighters
should be there to ward off enemy combat air patrol fighters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">But at this time, the US naval flyers were amateurs by
comparison to the Japanese who had perfected the technique. Lack of navigation
skills even kept whole squadrons away from the target completely (all the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hornet</i> dive bombers got lost). Dive
bombers from the other two carriers lost their slower torpedo squadrons and
they all were separated from the fighters who were supposed to protect them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Added to the skill and experience deficiency, the US planes
were at or near their expiration date. The “Devastator” torpedo planes were
suicidally slow and their torpedoes were often defective and failed to explode
even if the pilot was lucky enough to survive the Japanese Zeros and
anti-aircraft fire and get close enough to the carriers release them. Whole
squadrons from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enterprise</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yorktown</i> went down without scoring any
hits. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">There is an old saw that goes, “Chance is the fool’s name
for fate.” Or maybe it is vice versa. Either way, fate, chance, luck all
decided to favor the US. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Earlier, the Japanese pilots returned to their carriers from
their attack on Midway and urgently asked for a second attack to finish the
job. As the planes landed, crews began to re-arm them with bombs. At that
moment, word arrived from scout planes that a US carrier had been sighted; then
a second carrier was sighted. Admiral Nagumo ordered that the planes now must
be armed with torpedoes and aerial bombs suitable for striking warships (the
detonations were delayed to pierce the ship’s decks and armor and explode deep
within, rather than on contact with land.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When the ineffectual US torpedo attacks were over, the
carriers prepared to launch planes. At that moment the US “Dauntless” dive
bombers began their assault. Even though few US fighters were there to protect
them, the Japanese fighters were not in position to attack them because they had
been drawn to sea level to fight the low flying torpedo planes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The carrier decks were filled with airplanes loaded with
fuel and bombs of all types were still on the decks. In just a few minutes, the
dive bombers dropped 500 lb and 1000 lb bombs on three of the Japanese
carriers, sinking all three. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The fourth Japanese carrier launched its planes in
desperation. They might still salvage the day. Earlier, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yorktown</i> had been hit by bombs and
torpedos. It had been set aflame and the Japanese pilots reported it as
sinking. Now, they were ordered to attack the other US carriers. If they could
sink one or both, the battle could be seen as a draw. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">They arrived over the US carriers, looking for one that was
not in flames. They found one and attacked it with deadly accuracy, leaving it
mortally wounded. They thought they had sunk a second carrier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In fact, they had hit the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yorktown</i> again. Miraculously, frantic fire suppression teams had
quelled all the fires of the morning assault. The ship had regained power. Now,
it was struck again. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yorktown</i> had
survived the Coral Sea damage, been repaired at Pearl in three days, and joined
the Midway battle. Its pilots had inflicted much of the damage that day. Now it
was pounded again and again. Still, it survived, was to be towed back to Pearl.
Its luck ran out the next day when a Japanese submarine finally finished it.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Japanese pilots from the fourth carrier would have no
home to return to. Pilots from the remaining US carriers found it and destroyed
it with a rain of bombs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the morning of June 4, 1942, the Japanese navy was the
dominant force in the Pacific, poised to extend their power to America’s
doorstep. By the late afternoon, their fleet was staggering back, having
suffered a disastrous defeat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the morning of July 3 1863, it still seemed possible that
the South would win the battle, and then the war, and would achieve its goal of
independence. By the afternoon, that hope was shattered. General Lee ordered George
Pickett to attack the center of the Union line. Lee believed that the center
would be weak due to the need to strengthen the flanks. But his complex plan to
force the result was fatally flawed. Stuart’s cavalry was stalled by Union
opposition; Longstreet’s reluctant attack on the other wing was too little too
late. Pickett’s force was decimated, few reaching the Union line before being
slaughtered. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The remains of Lee’s
army were able to escape to the South and to go on for another two years, but
never to regain the initiative. The Union grew stronger; manpower, the blockade,
generals who now saw through Lee’s myth of invincibility. In April 1865, Lee
surrendered to Grant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Admiral Yamamoto continued to lead the navy in its desperate
struggle to hang on to its island possessions and to forestall the American
juggernaut. He tried to regain the initiative and some of the “face” he lost at
Midway by making a stand at Guadalcanal. But after months of back and forth
brutal fighting, the island was lost. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A few months later, in April, 1943, American fighter planes
caught the admiral’s plane and shot it down, killing him. There was a final
irony: he was doomed by the same American codebreaking team that had made the
difference at Coral Sea and Midway; now they told the P-38 pilots exactly where
to find him in order to finish him. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>LEGACIES</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If Yamamoto had survived to the end of the war, it is
unlikely that he would have been condemned as a war criminal. The Japanese
armies were guilty of many unforgivable atrocities, but the navy and Yamamoto
in particular didn’t have that reputation. It is possible that he would have
raised his voice long before the end to argue for surrender, although it would
have been a bitter pill. By the end, the vaunted Japanese Navy had been utterly
destroyed and the nation, as he had warned, was in ruins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robert E. Lee lived
until 1870, his dignity intact. Southern historians, who dominated the academic
field for many years, exalted his reputation, as they glorified the “lost
cause.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Later historians have corrected the record, noting that when
Lee’s army entered Pennsylvania, officers rounded up freed blacks and returned
them to slavery in the South. Lee tacitly approved of the policy by his
silence, just as he never protested the atrocities committed after the end of
the war by the Ku Klux Klan, which was headed by former Confederate general
Nathan Bedford Forrest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The fact is that Robert E. Lee was a traitor to his country,
the USA. He had been a career officer in this country’s army, having sworn
allegiance to its flag and its constitution, not to his state of Virginia.
Although it might be understandable that he turned down command of the Union
Army on grounds that he couldn’t raise arms against his home and family, that
did not justify his taking arms <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">against</i>
his country. He could have sat out the war rather than lead the fight the
nation he betrayed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">There is a statue and memorial museum dedicated to Isoroku
Yamamoto’s memory in his home town of Nagaoka-Nigata, Japan. Robert E. Lee has
many things named after him; his statues have recently been removed from public
places. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-91104766313384202602018-04-03T15:12:00.001-07:002018-04-03T15:12:29.014-07:00WHEN A JEW MISBEHAVES<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Many years ago, I was watching the news on TV with my
father-in-law when there was a report about an insider trading scandal
involving Ivan Boesky. Clearly agitated, my father-in-law asked, <i>“He’s a Jew?”</i>
I said that I thought so.</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“Ah-ha. This
is the way they start.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It occurred to me that on its face, the comment might have
sounded anti-Semitic: “they” meaning “those crooked Jews.” But my father-in-law
was a Polish Jew, a holocaust survivor who had lived through the era when Jews
were made scapegoats for all the ills of Europe. He had witnessed the
escalation of grumbling: whispers that led to graffiti, to beatings, then to
pogroms, and eventually, to disaster. But it began with the anecdotal
accusations, one person’s wrongdoing being attributed to all. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Years later, I heard the same complaints from black
acquaintances about stories accusing Michal Jackson and O.J. Simpson of crimes.
The first response was to deny, to attribute the charges to racism. <i>“They
always want to knock down the uppity Negroes,”</i> the wise old heads shook. <i>“As
soon as we make it, they will go after us.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(In the lily-white
golf community, the fall of Tiger Woods was seen as comeuppance that was
inevitable: <i>“Of course, he cheats on his (white) wife.”</i> The fact that Woods avoided
identifying with any racial causes (which annoyed some in the black community)
did not deter white haters from enjoying his downfall, or most blacks from bemoaning
it.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It hurts, it really hurts bad when something happens that seems
to confirm the beliefs of the haters about you. You can almost hear them saying
to each other, <i>“I told you so, you can’t trust those people.” </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As a Jew, I’m forced to be aware of the image I project to
the world. I try to avoid all the stereotypes that sting. For example, I pick
up the checks at lunch so that I won’t be called “cheap.” (I had a Scots-Irish
friend who teased me: <i>“We Scots are thrifty, you Jews are cheap.”</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Money dealings of all kinds are the traditional subjects for
ugly anti-Semitic mumbling. The Nazis were not the first, nor the last, to
demonize Jews as the bankers and financiers who are supposedly responsible for
every ill from economic recessions to world wars. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">So, Ivan Boesky was accused of cheating on stock deals. That doesn’t mean
all Jews are cheats. Fine. So, what about Michael Milken, and then what about
Bernie Madoff? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Well, in truth, stock swindles and Ponzi schemes are common
crimes that have been repeated often without involvement of any Jews. In fact,
the alleged victims in the Boesky, Milken and Madoff cases were often Jews, investors
who trusted the men to be honest and wise. (Sadly and predictably, this fact,
too, is fodder for haters: <i>“the Jews who got fleeced were too greedy.”</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Powerful men in various fields have recently been accused of
sexual misconduct. The first of these to be widely exposed in the media were in
the movie business. This led to other entertainment forms, including the opera,
ballet, television, and sports. Then it spread to the workplaces of other
businesses, to the offices of politicians, and then to schools, judge’s
chambers, the armed services, and so on and on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Yet, it seems to me that the names most prominently
mentioned by the media include a disproportionate number of people of Jewish
descent, including: Harvey Weinstein, James Levine, Al Franken, Andrew
Kreisberg, Louis C. K. (Szekely), Brett Ratner, Dustin Hoffman, Woody Allen,
Roman Polanski, Jeremy Piven, Mark Halperin, James Toback, Bob Weinstein. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(BTW, as a Jew and a lawyer, I am doubly offended by the
Michael Cohens of the world who allegedly cover up the crimes of Trump and others by
using their skills and wits to devise unbreakable nondisclosure agreements and
pressure emotionally fragile victims to accept them.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course, there are many others caught up in these scandals
who are not Jews, but the ones who stand out to me are all too Jewish. Frankly,
some of them even “look Jewish.” I mean, to be honest, Harvey Weinstein looks
like a Nazi stereotype of the “Jew predator”: balding, somewhat obese, jowly
and squinty-eyed, a bit slovenly in appearance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is a certain nasty snicker effect added to the stereotype.
Jewish men supposedly have multiple sexual hang-ups. Comics like Woody Allen
and Garry Shandling have traded on these foibles for ages. Now, we are fed
Weinstein’s alleged habit of luring aspiring actresses to his hotel rooms so
that he might masturbate in front of them. (This apparently was the favorite
way that Louis C. K. allegedly would get off as well). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">This revelation was a shock to me. It seems such an odd
thing to do! I mean, if you need to jerk off, why go to so much trouble? Why
bring in an innocent witness? If that is your thing, why not hire a sex worker
to cheer you on? You’ve got the money, and they won’t complain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The answer, of course, is that—just like rape—this
particular perversion is hardly about sex; it is mostly about power, raw brutal
power. Watching the victim squirm uncomfortably with no means of escape is what
keeps his dick hard. He knows she can’t complain because he can ruin her
chances at a career, can even use his resources to accuse <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">her</i> of seducing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">him. </i>People
are all too willing to believe a girl will do anything to be in show business,
aren’t they?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The fact that so many of Weinstein’s crimes follow the
common M.O. of entertainment executives throughout the ages is also troubling.
It recalls the painful clichés of the so-called golden era of Hollywood’s movie
factories, in which the “casting couch” was common. The culprits then were the
studio moguls, who, coincidentally, also happened to be predominantly Jewish.
Put a photo of Harry Cohn, head of Columbia at the time, next to that of Harvey
Weinstein and their multiple victims would have a hard time choosing between
them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Actually, these culprits do have things in common that
account for their crimes other than the fact that one or more of their parents
happen to have been labeled as Jews. They are all men who hold power. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">(Sports figures who violently abuse women exert power of
another kind; physical dominance over their prey. The business types exert a
more subtle form of power, inciting fear by threat to career or reputation, in
addition to the frequent fear of physical harm.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I suspect that of the two factors, the most important one is
power. While it is true that men are guilty of abuse far more often than women
(and that includes abuse by men of boys) that may not always be the case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As more women enter the upper regions of power in business
and the professions, there are certain to be more instances of abuse of that
power. While sexual predation is a crime that is traditionally attributed to
males, the temptations of power accompanied by our enlightened society’s
loosening of sexual restraints might well lead to more instances of abuse by
women. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I wonder whether abuses committed by women against males are
under-reported, just as incidences of rape by men of females are. Traditional
male self-image would tend to deter boys or men from complaining that their
teacher, or aunt, or superior at work had fondled them, propositioned them, or
made sexually insensitive remarks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">What boy is likely to complain to his parents about that
sort of thing? He is more likely to fantasize hopefully about the possibility,
to read any provocative gesture by a woman as an invitation. Men in the
workplace, moreover, are subject to the same pressures as women vis-à-vis a
superior’s approval. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Can’t you imagine an angry boss who is female joking in the not-too distant future about a
subordinate’s masculinity, say, in conversation with other women executives
over drinks? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-75555907745212437832018-02-27T18:00:00.000-08:002018-02-27T18:03:10.352-08:00"MARSHALL" <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><b>MARSHALL
(2017) </b></u></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To me the
movie is important for three reasons. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;">First, recognizing that we are today near the end of Black History Month—this film finally brings
to light an episode in the career of a heroic American. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;">Thurgood Marshall was
the first African-American Supreme Court Justice (appointed, 1967). As counsel
for the NAACP, he had argued many cases before the Court, including the
landmark case that ordered desegregation of public schools, <u><i>Brown v. Board of
Education</i> (1954)</u>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #262626;">This film involves his early legal career as a trial lawyer
for the NAACP, when he was traveling the country defending black people accused
of crimes for which they might easily be wrongly convicted and executed if not summarily
lynched along ... with their lawyer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Second, this
was a rape case in which the defense went to great lengths to challenge the
alleged victim’s veracity, cross-examining her intensively, challenging her
story, and urging that in fact she had been the aggressor in the sexual
encounter and had made up the rape charge to save her reputation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The alleged
victim was a wealthy white woman for whom the black defendant, Joseph Spell,
worked as chauffeur and house servant, in Greenwich Connecticut, 1940. She
claimed that while her husband was away, Spell raped her, kidnapped her for
ransom. She then escaped from him and jumped into a river. She waved to a
motorist for help and was taken to police, dressed only in a slip. A doctor
concluded her injuries were “consistent” with her claim of rape by a Negro. In
fact, he found, “colored skin” under her nails. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Spell at
first denied all charges. Then he changed his story to claim consent. He
claimed the woman was depressed about her abusive husband and he comforted her.
This led to a night of sex, after which she panicked, fearing discovery of
their tryst. They went riding around in her car and she became frantic, ranting
that she might become pregnant with his child. He couldn’t quiet her. She ran from
the car and jumped from a bridge into the river. He drove away, frightened. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In that
pre-feminist but paternalistically protective age, the wronged woman insisted that she
be believed and vindicated by the male judge, prosecutor, and police; but not
only because she was a woman, also because she was a Christian, white, and a
wealthy member of the upper classes whose honor had been besmirched by a man, a
servant, a black man. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The case
reminds me of <i>“To Kill A Mockingbird,”</i> a novel in which a white woman accuses a
black man of rape and demands to be believed based on that presumption. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Today, we are
warned to believe the victim—that is, any woman claiming sexual assault, abuse, or
harassment—to right the wrong of society's traditional censure and disbelief of victims. This case reminds us of the other societal tradition: the misuse of a rape charge as a racial bludgeon. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the Spell case, the woman
never recanted her charge; the defense argued a lack of corroborating evidence
and the illogic of her story. Although Spell admitted lying when he denied any
sexual encounter, his explanation—that where he came from (Louisiana) any sex
with a white woman was a lynching offense—rang true to the northern jury (that
included a southern white woman who had left that corrupt society and was
elected foreperson). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The third
interesting element for me is the distortion of the truth, the whole truth and
nothing but the truth of the historic event for the purposes of the drama. The
usual license is taken with chronology of events, insertion of action and
dialogue to emphasize a point or dial up the conflict. These are expected and
necessary in a drama “based on a true story” that is to be shown in feature
length. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But when a
central character, a person who lived, who has a reputation and exists in the
memory of his peers and descendants, is depicted in a way that is almost a
slander of his character for the purposes of hyping up the drama, then it is
for me an issue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the
movie, the young Thurgood Marshall is sent by the NAACP to Greenwich to
defend Spell. He needs a local member of the bar to sponsor him as co-counsel
in the case. He is directed to Samuel Friedman, who is in partnership with his
young brother, Irwin, who is shown to be friendly with the local but tiny NAACP
chapter. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sam is
depicted as an inexperienced lawyer who defends an insurance company,
successfully denying a claim of a wheelchair bound victim. He gets a pat on the
back from the corporate client, promising more lucrative cases. Thus, when approached to
join the defense of this unpopular client, the cinema Friedman stammers and all
but falls into a faint. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Friedman is
played by Josh Gad, an actor whose appearance recalls Jason Alexander or
Stephen Furst aka “Flounder”. He is no match for the forceful super-heroism of
Marshall, as played by Chadwick Bozeman, (Jackie Robinson, James Brown, and now
starring as The Black Panther.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">When the
imperious and clearly racist and anti-Semitic judge (played with appropriate
snarls by James Cromwell) refuses to allow Marshall to speak at all as counsel,
Friedman is alone, with Marshall feeding him courage pills, whispered cues,
orders. Marsjhall is shown manipulating the client to satisfy the demands of the larger issues
when conflicting with the defendant’s interests. At one point when Marshall is called away for a phone call, Friedman is shown as lost in confusion, staring wistfully at the door, unable to form a question to a witness. When Marshall must leave
before final argument, he is shown to give Friedman the exact words and phrases
he must use in order to win. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Friedman is
shown to be timid at first, afraid to offend the judge, the prosecutor, his
wife, others in his synagogue and community. As he gets into the case and
Marshall gets into his ear like a guiding angel, he finds his voice. After he
is beaten by thugs one night (an invention for dramatic effect) he stands
taller. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">He is proud
when the jury forewoman announces the not guilty verdict and he receives the
thanks of his client, who of course asks after Mr. Marshall, who has gone to
Mississippi to defend another innocent man. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Michael Koskoff, a Bridgeport,
Conn. lawyer, is given co-writer credit with his son, Irwin, a screenwriter.
Koskoff knew the Friedmans and befriended Sam Friedman’s daughter, who has a
theatrical background and helped in the process of getting it to the screen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">They claim to have thoroughly
researched the case before writing. Perhaps. The trial was extensively covered
in the local and national press. Apparently there was no trial transcript so
they had to construct the testimony from their imaginations and by reference to
the news reports. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an interview for <i>Connecticut
Jewish Ledger</i> in 2016, Michael Koskoff was full of praise for Sam Friedman and his courage
and friendship with Thurgood Marshall. But Koskoff apparently didn’t do his research. He
says that Friedman entered law practice "in 1936" and thus was inexperienced in
trials. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Roger Friedman, a long time movie
critic and coincidentally a grandnephew of Samuel Friedman, in reviewing the
movie notes that Sam began law practice in <i><b>1926</b></i>, not ’36. Thus by 1940 he was
greatly experienced in trial practice, though not criminal cases. The lack of
criminal trial experience would be of concern in such a serious matter, but an
experienced civil trial lawyer could get up to speed quickly. The skills of
preparation, examination, cross-exam, argument are very similar. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In fact, it seems that Sam Friedman
did not need to be spoon fed the questions or tactics. Daniel Sharfstein,
writing about the case in Legal Affairs Magazine, in 2005, notes, that Friedman
was an experienced lawyer with a reputation as “a tenacious advocate with a
flair for courtroom drama.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sharfstein who viewed a video of
Friedman speaking to another lawyer about the trial, writes:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">At trial,
Friedman questioned witnesses while Marshall, satisfied with his co-counsel's
performance, took notes from the second chair. </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">During his two-day
cross-examination of Strubing, Friedman combed through her story for
discrepancies until she lost her temper. Once he'd shaken her out of the role
of helpless victim, Friedman guided her back through her testimony. </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Why hadn't
she called out to the policeman who stopped Spell? Friedman tied a handkerchief
over his mouth, and asked Strubing if Spell had similarly gagged her. She said
yes. Later, the lawyer retied the handkerchief as tight as he could and tested
Strubing's claim that she could not make a sound. "I let out a
shriek," he recalled. "The jurors almost jumped out of their
seats!"</span></span><span style="color: #262626;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Friedman
skewered Strubing's "fantastic story" and "evasive
answers"—"her resort to tears, her antics on the stand, her resort to
every possible trick in the cards." </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But looking at the all-white jury, he
knew that discrediting Strubing was too risky. He had to offer the jury a way
to affirm Strubing's social standing and still acquit Spell. </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In a move that the
<i>Baltimore Afro-American</i> described as "brilliant," Friedman
appropriated the prosecution's rhetoric, explaining how he overcame his own
doubts to believe in Spell's innocence. </span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"They had this improper
relationship all through the night. Joseph sees nothing wrong in it. The formality
of marriage and divorce means nothing to him," Friedman argued.</span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> "But
not to Mrs. Strubing. She has moral fiber and dignity. . . . She knows she has
done wrong." Strubing had plunged into the water with thoughts of killing
herself, Friedman surmised. "But as soon as she hit the water she was a
changed woman. She was a good swimmer and she simply couldn't drown."</span></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Otherwise, the screenplay is salted
with a few beats that ring true to me as criminal defense lawyer. For one, the
judge’s bias is evident as his rulings favor the prosecution. He permits the DA
to present hearsay, but sustains his objection to the defense eliciting
hearsay. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Also familiar, the defendant withholds facts from his lawyers, and the dilemma of a tempting plea offer to one
who maintains innocence but fears the system. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">But the writing of the
cross-examination of the victim is awful. Friedman is depicted as doing all the
wrong things: asking the leading, “I put it to you, madam. . .”
accusations that make me shudder. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As Friedman explained in his interview,
supra, he confronted her with all the inconsistencies in her story, the absence
of corroborating evidence, the contradictory facts and elicited her arrogant
and increasingly thin answers. He left the argumentative points to . . . final argument. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Thurgood Marshall remains a heroic
figure, and like John Adams and Abraham Lincoln, he is an icon in the history
of American criminal defense advocates. But as one movie critic observed, he
deserves a better biopic. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As for Sam Friedman, he was—contrary
to the inference left by the start of this movie—a conscientious advocate for
civil liberties and a supporter of the NAACP. I can be permitted to feel a
certain amount of pride in the fact that he was a Jew who contributed to a just
cause, especially at a time when Jews were being victimized by race prejudice
at home and around the world. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Friedman was only one of many
Jewish lawyers who took great risks to defend unpopular clients such as Joseph
Spell. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-1348662322899917522018-01-31T14:08:00.000-08:002018-01-31T14:08:22.013-08:00THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 1815 (Revised 2018) <div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bhd848pPi_A/WnI9wXuN_wI/AAAAAAAABEA/_83QPqdeflQYwebqSWR9qChz0C85EbhrwCLcBGAs/s1600/The_Battle_of_New_Orleans._January_1815._Copy_of_engraving_by_H._B._Hall_after_W._Momberger.%252C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_531091.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1115" data-original-width="1600" height="222" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bhd848pPi_A/WnI9wXuN_wI/AAAAAAAABEA/_83QPqdeflQYwebqSWR9qChz0C85EbhrwCLcBGAs/s320/The_Battle_of_New_Orleans._January_1815._Copy_of_engraving_by_H._B._Hall_after_W._Momberger.%252C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_531091.tiff" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Daniel Walker Howe’s volume in the series called the Oxford
History of the United States, is titled, “What Hath God Wrought: The
Transformation of America, 1815-1848.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">It begins with a chapter about the Battle of New Orleans,
fought in January 1815. Ironically, the battle, which made Andrew Jackson a
folk hero and is celebrated in pop songs and movies (Charlton Heston played
Jackson on screen), was fought weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had ended the
War of 1812. (Of course, neither party knew of this due to lack of instagram.)
Because the Americans won a great victory, the footnote was ignored by the folk
who craved a hero and a tale to go with him. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Jackson’s fame led to his presidency, which is credited with
expanding the idea of democracy to include a broader electorate than the wealthy
landowners who dominated the first fifty years of politics in this country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Like most myths, Jackson’s distorts the truth. First, his
military prowess:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>most military
historians, while giving credit to Jackson’s courage and leadership, ascribe
the victory to luck and British mistakes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">More importantly, Jackson’s democratic fervor didn’t extend
to other than white men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In the battle that made him a folk hero, his army largely consisted
of native Americans, Creoles, freed blacks, and slaves, all of whom fought with
conspicuous courage. The New Orleans he fought for spoke more French and
Spanish than English; its citizens included Irish Catholics, Creoles, French
speaking Acadians (Cajuns), Chocktaw, and mulattos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As Howe writes, there were “two battalions of black men, one
made up of African Americans and the other of Haitian immigrants. Some of the
black soldiers were slaves on loan from their masters to the army, but most of
them were free men. Jackson addressed the blacks as ‘brave fellow citizens’ and
had promised them pay and respect the equal of whites’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“With the battle over, Jackson ignored his promise to secure
equal rewards for the black men who had stood with him at the barricade.
Besides twenty-four dollars cash, each soldier was supposed to receive 160
acres of public land, but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">forty years
later</i>, the black veterans were still trying to get their land claims
honored.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">And, more egregiously: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“The slaves among them had been returned to their owners,
who were not bound by any promises made. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“On the other hand, Jackson showed solicitude for those
masters whose slaves had escaped and taken refuge with the enemy. He repeatedly
demanded that the departing British army return them. General Lambert, to his
credit, refused and took some two hundred self-emancipated people off to lives
of poverty but freedom in Bermuda.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">That is not the only ironic fact related to this incident.
The battle mythology from the start and continuing until today involves pride in
the American frontier militiaman whose courage and ability with a rifle
supposedly defeated the professional British soldiers who were famous in Europe
as opponents of Napoleon. (The British army under Wellington’s command would
defeat Napoleon at Waterloo later that same year.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The fable is that Tennesseans and Kentuckians came to aid of
Luisianians to rout the redcoats – again, as they had during the Revolution
thirty years earlier. The story is taught as proof of the Jeffersonian /
Jacksonian ideal of the independent rural yeoman farmer as the backbone of
American democracy. The contrary image, the Hamiltonian vision of a central
government / industrial cities as the engine of American power, is claimed to
be a foreign model, not suited to the American character. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Howe notes, “A popular song of the 1820s, ‘The Hunters of
Kentucky,’ extolled the performance of the Kentucky militia at New Orleans
despite the fact that Jackson himself had criticized the Kentuckians harshly
and never retracted his condemnation. Exploited for political purposes, the song
perpetuated the misperception of what had happened. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“The Battle of New Orleans came to be regarded by Jackson’s
many admirers as a victory of self-reliant individualists under charismatic
leadership. It seemed a triumph of citizen-soldiers over professionals, of the
common man over hierarchy, of willpower over rules.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Howe points out that the facts contradict the legend in this
important aspect. In the battle, the Kentucky militiamen failed to affect the
outcome. Most in fact arrived late and without any arms at all. “Jackson joked
in disgust that it was the first time he’d ever seen a Kentuckian ‘without a
gun, a pack of cards, and a jug of whiskey.’” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Howe writes, “The poorly armed Kentuckians had only just
reached the position they were expected to defend, and they behaved the way
American militia units often behaved in the War of 1812: They ran away. Jackson
made plain his fury at them in his official report to Secretary of War James
Monroe. ‘The Kentucky reinforcement, in whom so much reliance had been placed,
ingloriously fled.’” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Yet, the persistent myth is at least partly responsible for
our love of weaponry and the insistence that everyone, at least every white
male, is entitled to and ought to be encouraged to own and freely use a gun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The Second Amendment of the US Constitution, ratified along
with nine others, reads: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“A
well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the
right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I wonder if Mitch McConnell, the senior senator from
Kentucky / majority leader / spokesman for the NRA, tells this story to his
constituents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(Tennessee musketeers behaved better in the battle, but the
myth of their superior marksmanship doesn’t stand up to the facts. Their muskets
were loaded with buckshot, and in a sharpshooting contest between Tennessee
militiamen and New Orleans citizenry, the “Volunteers” finished second.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">In reality, the Battle of New Orleans turned, not on the
musket-toting militiamen, but on the artillery that Jackson was able to bring
to bear. “A single noteworthy discharge from a thirty-two-pound naval gun
crammed with musket balls ‘served to sweep the centre of the attacking force
into eternity,’ in the words of a British officer.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Nonetheless, the public of 1815 was just as gullible and
willing to swallow a romantic story as it is today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“They seldom rejoiced in the multiracial, multiethnic nature
of the winning army. Neither did they celebrate the technological know-how that
enabled their artillery to perform so well. Instead the public seized upon the
notion that western riflemen, untrained but sharp-eyed, had defeated the
arrogant British. In fact, primary responsibility for the American victory lay
with the artillery, not with the frontier marksmen of legend.<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Howe writes: “The reluctance to credit the artillery with
the victory partly<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reflected a reluctance to credit the
professional servicemen, ethnic-minority city-dwellers, and pirates who manned
the guns rather than the all-American frontiersmen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“It also manifested a failure to foresee how much the future
of the United States would owe to mechanization and government-sponsored
enterprises like the federal armories that made cannons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“Jackson’s admirers liked to believe theirs was a country
where untutored vigor could prevail; to point out that technical expertise
mattered seemed undemocratic. Their interpretation of the battle was compatible
with Jefferson’s vision of ‘an empire for liberty’ stretching to the west, a
belief that the nation’s destiny lay in the multiplication of family farms and
the extension of American power across continental space.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">. . .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">“But where did America’s future lie? With the
individualistic, expansionist values exemplified by frontier marksmen? Or with
the industrial-technological values exemplified by the artillery? Which would
better serve American security and prosperity: the extension of agriculture
across the continent or the intensive improvement and diversification of the
economy and its infrastructure?” </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-53472555937633647352017-07-16T13:36:00.001-07:002017-07-16T13:36:57.169-07:00BASTILLE DAY COONEY MEMORIAL LUNCHEON<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o4j1He_g0y0/WWvOKpFiWTI/AAAAAAAABDI/x_-Qr4uvMXoZ8Etwd1pMlGY4hpgS6WF-QCLcBGAs/s1600/Scales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1553" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o4j1He_g0y0/WWvOKpFiWTI/AAAAAAAABDI/x_-Qr4uvMXoZ8Etwd1pMlGY4hpgS6WF-QCLcBGAs/s320/Scales.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Friday I
rode downtown with the Adelsons to a restaurant on Sunset and Alvarado for the
annual luncheon held to honor the memory of Jim Cooney, a criminal lawyer who
died about 30 years ago. For years I had ignored the invitations for the
affair. Never much for drinking lunch and then plunging into the Friday
afternoon freeway tangle. Never much for sitting around listening to war
stories I know by heart. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But this
time I gave in. Adelson said he would drive, and since I retired I haven’t seen
some of these faces in a while. So to the Hollywood Freeway; for forty years my
stream of unconsciousness, the same stultifying route into the sun in the
morning and back home into the sun at night. The first years I lived on the
west side and the trickling stream was the 10, but of course into the sun
morning and night. Always west to east. (Maybe it would have been better to
live in Pasadena or somewhere else on the east end to have the sun behind, but
that never happened to me.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have
avoided going downtown, even to visit my sister and nephew in their high rise <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pieds-a-terre.</i> As a passenger now, I had
time to peruse the side of the freeway, appalled at the detritus that has
accumulated since I last made the trip. When I first moved from NY to LA in the
mid 1960’s, I was amazed at the bright cleanliness of the streets and highways.
My streets had always been grey, dirty, cracked, made more so by the lead gray
light. But now the litter overwhelms any effort to clean up. Graffiti is the
best of it; the trash dumped from cars, from apartment windows, over chain link
fences, all testify to a city that has copped a plea and accepted defeat. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The worst
is the human detritus, the blue homeless tarps and shopping carts that litter
every shadowed space, under overpasses. Sunset itself is a shabby avenue of
tired facades, signs of surrender to age and loss. Shuttered shops, rehab
centers, bare lawns and peeling paint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I recall my
first morning drive to the CCB after returning from our trip around the world.
A year had past. I felt so different, but everything seemed the same, as if I
had been on some Einstein time warp voyage. But there was a difference. On
Broadway, near Temple, a man slept in a cardboard crate, an absurd table lamp
near his head, as if he had turned out the light before retiring on the
sidewalk. I had never seen that before in LA, but had seen it in Calcutta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adelson
insisted on being early because he hoped to meet with someone he could cajole
into signing a letter to help a wrongfully convicted prisoner. The first to
arrive was Chris Chaney and we chatted for quite a while before the place began
to fill up. Chaney is one of the best people in any gathering, a decent, kind
man who takes troubled foster kids into his family. He also defends murderers
for a living. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Herb Barish
showed up, wearing the same three-piece suit he has worn for forty years. Herb
was one of the PD lunchroom group back in the dim Pleistocene epoch. His
cynicism challenged my own for bitterness honors. Once we argued over who was
sexier, Linda Carter or Bella Abzug. Like Chaney, Herb is still practicing,
although he never has accepted a capital case. Maybe that is why he hasn’t
changed in all this time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The room
filled with faces that were familiar, though now lined and weathered. Paul
Horgan who was in my law school class after starting as UCLA’s fullback the
year before. Perlo and Cobb and Horn and Rucker who were already PD’s when I
came to the Hall of Justice to sit in Horton’s office. There was “Handsome
Harry,” who used to have a Cary Grant tan; now has a Danny DeVito stoop. Harry
reminded me that I had refused to vote for Humphrey in 1968 because he refused
to oppose the war. I admitted that was a mistake that I didn’t repeat last
year. Brad Brunon told Mike Crain about the case we tried together in which
Mandel, the schmuck, tried to help the DA by screwing our clients. (I last saw
Brad when he was on Spector and I was trying my last capital case across the
hall.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The affair
is hosted by the fellows that some call the Irish Mafia, fitting because Jim
Cooney was the epitome of Irish wit; a craggy face, ragged white eyebrows, an
ever present cigar and whiskey wit that croaked out gems of wisdom that kept
you smiling. He was the stuff of legend and his cigar is kept aflame by his
acolytes. Most are the sons of the auld sod: Tynan, Horgan, Enright, Shannon,
Murphy, Rucker. John Yzurdiaga, (nicknamed “John Xyz”) is one of the hosts
although he is a Basque. (The Basques can challenge the Irish drink for drink
and for a love of freedom and tall tales.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They told
the old war stories starring Cooney. Like: In a multi-defendant trial, Cooney
stopped a young defense lawyer from asking too many questions (starting with
one to a cop beginning with the forbidden “Why . . .?”and messing up the
case by grabbing the youngster by the tie and croaking a loud whisper: “Shut
the fuck up!” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bob Savitt,
a retired DA, told about a case in which he opposed Cooney and after hearing
Cooney’s final argument that exposed the fatal flaw in the prosecution, Savitt
asked his second chair to take the verdict, which he knew would be not guilty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rick and
Louise Santweir and Mike and Chris Shannon were there. Louise reminded me about
an evening the six of us spent in San Francisco many years ago. “I’ll never
forget how sweet and wonderful Bea was that night,” Louise said. “It’s stayed
with me ever since.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was good
to recall times of laughter and camaraderie. Maybe it is a bit like old
warriors reliving their youthful adventures after surviving it all. I was
surprised to learn how many are still at it so many years after signing up for
Medicare. Sure, they kvetch about pains . . . and how it isn’t the way it
used to be . . . but travel and grandkids and hobbies can’t sub in for the
courtroom. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">We were the best and brightest for a
long time. Some of us were like Willie stumbling around the outfield for the
Mets, so we pulled the plug. But others are still hanging in there. Still
pretty damn good. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-8830071946822648562017-05-25T12:22:00.000-07:002017-05-25T12:22:52.194-07:00GENIUS VS ILLNESS - GREATNESS VS GOODNESS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TcTZTHeECHo/WScm3qLnZuI/AAAAAAAABCs/gw0XWa6Zu9QKm3ZRvxJ1PGfTpzYhj9SJwCLcB/s1600/einstein.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1212" data-original-width="882" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TcTZTHeECHo/WScm3qLnZuI/AAAAAAAABCs/gw0XWa6Zu9QKm3ZRvxJ1PGfTpzYhj9SJwCLcB/s320/einstein.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“The unexamined life
is not worth living.” Plato, quoting Socrates at his trial.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A few years ago while I was trying a capital case in the Los
Angeles, I spent lunchtimes in the 13<sup>th</sup> floor attorney lounge. A
visitor there was Phil Spector, the legendary pop music producer who happened to be on
trial for murder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a strange
looking elderly man, coiffed and dressed as if the 60’s were still in style,
shoulder length brown hair (a wig?), frock coat, flared trousers, high-heeled
boots. I knew that Spector was considered by many to be a “genius” who had
revolutionized rock and roll by his imaginative recording innovations called
“The Wall of Sound.” He had worked with many artists, including The Beatles and
Frank Sinatra, who admired his talents and puzzled at his eccentricities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Spector had been described as suffering from severe
mood swings, impulsivity, bouts of rage, misogyny, feelings of inferiority. He was eventually convicted of murdering a woman who he had invited to his house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">During the trial the most emotion he showed to me was when he
told me that he was annoyed that the prosecutor had described him as a
has-been. Spector asked me rhetorically, “Were Einstein or Mozart has-beens just because their most recognized success came when they were
young?” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">At the time I took it as a residue of his sturdy ego that he
compared himself to those geniuses, but in his field, Spector was often dubbed
with that overused title. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><b><u>The Great vs The Good</u></b></i></span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Greatness and goodness often seem to be mutually exclusive
qualities. Two recent dramas, both coincidentally titled “Genius” confirm the
idea. The film with that title released in 2016, starred Jude Law as the
novelist, Thomas Wolfe, and Colin Firth as master editor Maxwell Perkins. The
movie is based on A. Scott Berg’s biography of Perkins, called “Editor of
Genius.” (This is a double entendre, meaning Perkins was a genius of an editor
and and editor of geniuses.) Featured characters in the movie are Ernest
Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose lives also prove the point. Perkins is
depicted as an exception to the rule: brilliant, intuitive as well as kind,
gentle, loyal and selfless. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The other “Genius” is the currently airing (on the National
Geographic Channel) ten-part biography of Albert Einstein, directed by Ron
Howard. The drama focuses more on Einstein’s failings as a student, employee,
professor, son, and especially as lover, husband, and father, than the
intellectual products of his mind that revolutionized science. This yields soapy
operatic episodes that expose the misery of his first wife, Mileva Maric, sure
to be attractive to a wider audience than dry complex science can attract. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Howard’s style is old-fashioned in its use of transparent
devices. He is fond of teasing by foreshadowing, such as ending an episode when
a colleague is shown a piece of paper by a pleased Einstein, and gasps, in
admiration. The viewer is shown the famous formula (as if merely seeing the
equation would be shocking). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">To underscore his theme of Einstein’s misogyny, he
compares the minimizing of his wife’s contributions with Pierre Curie’s
insistence that his wife, Marie, be given equal credit. In other scenes, the
inspirations for Einstein’s discoveries are shown to be his infant son, a
spider, a casual remark by a friend, a ride in an elevator. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">These scenes are
overly simplified variations on anecdotes relating to Einstein’s “thought
experiments” that he described in his writings but they come across as almost
comical. It reminds me of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the old joke
about Beethoven’s mother saying, “I inspire you? Don’t make me laugh! Ha-Ha-Ha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Haaa!</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Howard is used to “biographical drama,” and “based on true
events” filmmaking that takes license with facts. In both “Cinderella Man” and
“A Beautiful Mind,” the director omitted serious character flaws and actions of
his heroes that would have detracted from their heroism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">At least, “Genius,” is consistent with the
book that was his source material in its focus on the prurient and perverse,
rather than the dull science that shook the world. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">This series is based on Walter Isaacson’s book, “Einstein
His Life And Universe.” Isaacson is no physicist and according to book reviews,
it shows in his biography, which is light on the science and heavy on the
cultural impact, politics, philosophy, and especially on his domestic life
(i.e., sex life) with his wives and mistresses. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The historian benefits from the recent discovery of a cache
of Einstein’s love letters. They expose his sentimental and romantic side
(Einstein’s poetry skills show a lack of genius in that art). The letters also
reveal a rather creepy side to his seduction techniques, exclaiming love and
making extravagant promises and in the next breath (or letter) making demands
for obedience and loyalty, detailing tasks she is to perform in order to
satisfy him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isaacson joins recent
biographers to correct the perception that Mileva was not more than the great
man’s sex partner, housekeeper, and nursemaid to his children. She was a
brilliant physics student in her own right, who helped her husband to write his
early papers. How much she contributed has been a matter of debate, but it was
certainly more than Einstein himself was willing to admit. The correction of
this record in a popular history is a worthy goal, even if it does pander to our modern sensibility in a blatant attempt to attract a female audience. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The defect in the drama results from the self-conscious
pandering to the target audience that the script and acting pound home with
repetitive annoyance. In scene after scene, Albert takes advantage of Mileva’s
trust – deflecting her nagging for r-e-s-p-e-c-t by disingenuous patronizing
hugs and ardent assurances, after which he goes on to his singular quest for
fame by solving the complex puzzles of nature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The notion that a genius may comprehend the mysteries of the
universe but lack any understanding of other people is not revolutionary – in
biography or drama. In fact, it seems to be so common that it may be one of the
essential ingredients of understanding genius. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The mind of the artist<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another observation may be related to this phenomenon. There
seems to be a correlation between some forms of “mental problems” and artistic
creativity. I put quotation marks around the phrase to underscore its admitted
vagueness. <span style="color: #262626;">Researchers agree that mental illness is neither necessary nor
sufficient for creativity.</span> However, there is research to suggest a link
between mental illness and creativity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">While people suffering in the throes of serious mental
illness are usually dysfunctional; i.e., unable to coherently create, other
forms of mental distress seem to stimulate creativity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">An area of the brain called the <i>precuneus</i> affects personal
memory and self-consciousness. Researchers find that it is more active in
creative people even while they are performing other concentration intensive tasks. The
inability to suppress the seemingly unnecessary cognitive activity aids the
creative process by linking ideas that reside in disparate neural networks. The
increased activity found in the precuneus also is seen in those with
<i>schizotypal</i> personalities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Schizotypy is not schizophrenia, a debilitating psychosis.
It is a state that contains a constellation of symptoms, most of which exist in
everyone in some degree. <span style="color: #262626;">These include “unusual perceptual experiences, thin
mental boundaries between self and other, impulsive nonconformity, and magical
beliefs.” Negative schizotypal traits include “cognitive disorganization and
physical and social anhedonia.” Such people may be introverted, emotionally
flat, asocial. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I can imagine a common sense reason for this. Creativity demands
self-awareness.; ditto mental and emotional turmoil. Poets like Sylvia Plath
and Robert Lowell have spent enormous energy analyzing their emotions, their
perceptions, their relationships. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot’s friend [see below] who is also considered
one of the greatest poets of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century, was a vocal
anti-Semite, even making propaganda broadcasts from fascist Italy during World
War II. Pound was clinically mentally ill, paranoid and eventually hospitalized, but
whether his paranoia led him to the “Jewish conspiracy” or was a co-incidental
presence in his mind along with his artistic talent is in doubt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Risky Behavior<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On the other end of the spectrum from schizotypy is the “Type T personality.”
Originally described by Jung, these are risk takers. They tend to be
extroverted and creative, crave new experiences and excitement. Sociopaths have
some of these traits. So do some intellectuals, including Einstein and Galileo,
as well as extreme athletes. Ernest Hemingway, self-described as bipolar, combined
features of this type. Drawn to danger in war, sports and violent
entertainments, his masculine self-image demanded risk while his creative mind
wove imaginative novels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #262626;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Rare Great AND Good:<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #262626;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Admittedly, the notion of "goodness" is subjective. I mean it in the moral sense and that is a slippery concept. </span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #262626;">“If I
had written the greatest book, composed the greatest symphony, painted the most
beautiful painting or carved the most exquisite figure I could not have felt
the more exalted creator than I did when they placed my child in my arms.” </span></i><span style="color: #262626;">Dorothy
Day, Catholic social activist (1897-1980)</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #262626;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It was not just as a mother that Dorothy Day exercised her
faith. After living a self described selfish existence as a young liberated woman in the
1920’s, including affairs and an abortion, Day sought meaning to life and found
it in Catholicism and radical activism during the Depression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Day was a sinner who found a cause in the Catholic Workers
Movement, doing good works and writing about her faith. She was a prolific
do-gooder who actually did a lot of good. She was a prolific writer, speaker,
and organizer. As one who converted to her faith through ardent and serious
reflection and then seriously tried to live up to its ideals, she influenced
many Catholics and others by her example and her activism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">By that measure, Dorothy Day qualifies as “great” as well as
“good.” (Within the Church that she often resented for its conservatism, she is
now being considered for sainthood, along with another modern good and great
woman, Mother Teresa.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But in general, it seems that most of those who strive to be
great must sacrifice something that ordinary people enjoy, such as .
. . a family. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Recently I have been reading Deborah Lipstadt’s book about
the trial that formed the basis of the movie, “Denial”. Her lawyer (solicitor in
British parlance) was Anthony Julius, who, in addition to being a terrific
lawyer, also held a Ph.D. in history. His Ph.D. thesis had become a
controversial best seller. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It examined how T.S. Eliot’s anti-Semitism was
expressed in some of his poems. Julius’s thesis conceded that Eliot was an
exceptional poet, although he held a despicable personal view toward Jews,
which he was not reluctant to reveal in his art. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">So there it is, again. In my view, anti-Semites cannot be
called “good” in any sense of the term; it is a disqualifying character flaw. I
feel the same way about racists and sexists, as well as other forms of bigotry,
although I do concede that there may be gradations of defects, and also
acknowledge that some leeway is owed to the culture in which the person acted. </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Wagner was a great composer of music, but a
world-class hater of Jews.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">This last point is sticky, because it should not be used to
excuse one who adopts the view of his society when others in the same position
shout against the notion. An example for me would be Edgar Degas, who spent
much of his time with ballet dancers but took pains to urge the guilt of
Dreyfus and blamed all French Jews. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I don’t mean to imply that anti-Semitism is the only
character trait that detracts from goodness among great artists. In the
fore-mentioned movie, “Genius”, Thomas Wolfe is shown to be a self-centered
user and abuser of those who helped him, including his mistress as well as his
editor. He discards both after he achieves fame. But Wolfe was not an
anti-Semite. In fact, he spent enough time in Nazi Germany in 1936 to see what
they were doing, and returned to write about the despicable treatment of Jews
there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Steve Jobs is another example of the high achiever, creative and imaginative innovator, who was driven to excellence to the detriment of his relationships with friends, co-workers, lovers, children. His example does not seem to be unique in the record. Great? Certainly. Good, not so much. Genius? By many definitions, yes. Mentally ill? Obsessive, neurotic? Well, he has been diagnosed by observers as <i>cyclothymic.</i></span></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-45029746098807208392016-12-05T21:28:00.000-08:002016-12-05T21:37:57.883-08:00The Trump Conning Tower <div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nGkg61RPI_s/WEZMQLXMgZI/AAAAAAAABB0/FOQcoZ__oecobcXdKI1qvrWSFu2swZJnQCLcB/s1600/Image-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nGkg61RPI_s/WEZMQLXMgZI/AAAAAAAABB0/FOQcoZ__oecobcXdKI1qvrWSFu2swZJnQCLcB/s320/Image-1.png" width="213" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> Trump is a consummate con man. But is that so bad? <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were amazed that so many American voters couldn’t see
through Donald Trump’s bluster. We likened him to the Hans Christian Anderson
story, The Emperor’s New Clothes. He was called P.T.Barnum. Some even went so
far as to compare his ranting tweets to hysterical speeches by Musolini or even
Hitler. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These analogies were apt. He was and is an authoritarian
populist. He is megalomaniacal, egotistical. He is a carnival barker who plays
the media to hype his celebrity image as brilliant deal-making billionaire
entrepreneur and builder. Exposure of the truth of the myth behind the hype,
which was belatedly dragged out by the media that created him, did little to
change the minds of those who had already bought the product. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They bought his pitch—he was a breath of fresh air in
politics, who would shake things up by being a strong leader, who says what he
believes. No amount of proof that the emperor was naked, or that his products
were bogus, would cause the customers to spurn this product.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We were shocked each time he made a claim against his
opponent that actually applied to him. <i>They</i> were lying, picking on him; <i>they</i>
had short fuses, had poor temperament; <i>they</i> were unqualified; <i>they</i> were
criminals, sexists, racists. He had gall to accuse others of his own defects.
Like Hitler claiming the Jews were the threat to world peace. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>His claimed prowess in business was contradicted by his
bankruptcies, and the lawsuits by contractors. His claim to create American jobs
was disproved by his outsourcing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of
products that bear his name. His refusal to show his tax returns undermined his
claim to be charitable, a good citizen, even his claim of great wealth. (Need I mention his chutzpah in claiming to respect women?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>None of that mattered to the voters who were anxious to
swallow his bluster whole. Maybe the reason was that the other candidate / salespeople offered
even more unattractive products, but the fact is that his advertising campaign
hit the gullible customers in their angry, frightened hearts, if not their
minds. He pandered to the worst in us, and his gamble paid off. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yes, he was a brilliant confidence man, who carried off the greatest swindle in American history. He took power, trampling the founding
fathers’ claim of a democracy guided by an informed and educated electorate. He
laughed all the way to the White House and to immortality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Those of us who were standing on the edges of the parade
shouting vainly that the emperor was naked are terrified about what the
inevitable comeuppance will do to the future of the nation. We are sure that if
he carries through with the wrongheaded ideas he espoused in his ranting
campaign, it will result in eventual ruin. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> He cannot bring high paying
manufacturing jobs back to the rust belt states that gave him his win:
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin. We are certain that his policy
against Mexican and Muslim immigrants will be ruinous. We dread the changes his
party will make to the Supreme Court and reverse progress in individual rights,
including the right to health care and education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We think we are right and he is wrong. We
think given enough time, the American public will come to its senses and
through the rascal out, along with the others in his party who kowtowed to him
in to further their own ambitions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>But what if we are wrong?</i> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There have been other swindlers
who sweet talked their way to power. We have three huge examples in my
lifetime. In 1933, FDR was elected in the depths of the Great Depression, when
the country was on the verge of revolution because of bank failures, 30%+
unemployment. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There were calls for a military coup, dictatorship, a communist
uprising. So, FDR, the crippled son of privilege, who was considered a second
rate intellect and superficial glad-hander by professors and columnists, made
his first speech on the Capitol steps. What is remembered from the speech is
the phrase, “We have nothing to fear . . . but fear itself.” Huh? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the same time in Germany, things were even worse. The
nation had been crushed twenty years earlier, losing millions of lives in a
disastrous war, and then humiliated into signing a treaty that stripped its
resources, put it into debt, placed all the blame for the world war on their
shoulders. The Great Depression struck Germany even more harshly than here.
Inflation was rampant, unemployment unstoppable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And Adolph Hitler is chosen to lead, by claiming that
he—and only he—could bring his country back to its previous greatness. He
presented himself as a savior, a powerful leader whose vision and faith was
strong enough to carry the nation’s burdens. There was nothing in his past to
support this except in his words, and the power of his rhetoric and
self-belief. These had gathered an army of sycophants to adore him. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now the
rest of the nation would yield to him. Opponents pointed out that he was a
failed artist, architect; a rabble rousing race baiting lunatic, who wasn’t
even German. None of that meant anything to those who were willing and anxious
to believe his promises, even though to a rational mind, they seemed far fetched.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the summer of 1940, Hitler’s army had conquered Poland
and France, and threatened to invade England. The smart money bet on victory
within a few months. American public opinion bet that way, as did the American
ambassador, Joseph Kennedy, and America’s hero flyer, Charles Lindbergh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, England turned to a failed politician, whose ego and
bluster had been rejected long before. Winston Churchill had been thrown out of
the cabinet in 1915 after the Gallipoli fiasco. Since then, he had been an
outsider who cared about preserving Empire and Crown, opposing communism and
fascism. He wrote books, made speeches; he was an entertaining speaker and
writer, and was ignored in parliament. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By that summer, they gave him the reins of a government
that most people expected to be forced to surrender; many thought Hitler would
offer generous peace terms. (He had allowed a French government to govern over
the southern half of that country, keeping his military forces in the occupied
north.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Churchill would have none of this. His broadcast speech
included eloquent words of defiance:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #1c1c1c;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . .Even though large
tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into
the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not
flag or fail. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We shall go on to the
end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall
fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend
our island, whatever the cost may be. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1c1c1c;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #1c1c1c;">We
shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall
fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall
never surrender</span><span style="color: #1c1c1c;">, and if, which I do not for a moment believe, this
island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire
beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the
struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and
might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Many saw this intransigence as foolhardy as
well as illogical. “The Empire beyond the seas” he referred to consisted of
colonies such as India that would have welcomed the defeat of their Imperial
masters. As for the “New World,” meaning the USA and Canada, his hope was more
a pipe dream than a real likelihood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is true that great leaders in times of crisis often
show the traits of swindlers: resolve in the face of reason, an aura of
self-assurance that calms shaking nerves. They are master bullshit artists,
salesmen of exceptional skill and courage. The 20<sup>th</sup> Century was a
high point in the production of such figures. The advent of mass media allowed
for The Big Lie to be pervasive. A power could control all major sources of
information: news and opinion for the use of propaganda leading to a new
concept: “totalitarian rule.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The tools of advertising and marketing that sold
commodities translated well to politics. Democracies are particularly
vulnerable to manipulation of the marketplace by clever minds. Polling,
surveys, focus groups, testing, psychological profiling, all are useful in
persuading large numbers of people to buy something they don’t need. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">They can
go further—creating images that make bad people seem good, and dumb ideas seem
brilliant. People can be made to buy things that aren’t good for them. They can
be led to enthusiastically support policies that are, in fact, contrary to
their own best interests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Celebrities have always existed in every culture:
royalty, religious prophets, warriors, athletes, beautiful women, talented
artists of all kinds. With the invention of pervasive media, promoters have
been able to create the illusion of celebrity that makes it really happen.
Barnum did it with his attractions; Ziegfeld did it with his discoveries just
as the century began. For instance, he posed the singer, Anna Held, in a bath
filled with milk and called in the photographers, scandalizing society but
intriguing the public, who had to pay to see her perform. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the 21<sup>st</sup> Century, we have come further,
first creating celebrities who are famous merely for being famous, and making
millionaires out of them. With the worldwide scope of social media,
international celebrities emerge overnight from obscurity to marketability for
no greater talent than performing a stunt on a bicycle or getting hit in the
face with a bag of feces. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With all of this background, we should not have been
surprised by Trump’s election as president of the United States, following in
the footsteps of Washington (whose mythmakers had tossing coins over the
Potomac, admitting to his father that he cut down a cherry tree), Lincoln (the
simple frontier woodsman who was actually a wealthy corporate lawyer), FDR (who
convinced the press to never mention the fact that he was physically helpless),
JFK (who winked at the press so they wouldn’t reveal his many mistresses), or
Bill Clinton (who swore that he never had “sexual relations with that woman,”
because her mouth on his prick was didn’t fit his idea of “relations.”) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Linclon supposedly said, “you can fool some of the people
all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool
all of the people all of the time.” To which another wit might add, But if you
work it right, fooling some all the time and all some of the time can make you
a hero, a star, wealthy, . . . and / or a president. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-69301054322069512022016-11-10T11:39:00.000-08:002016-11-10T11:39:40.543-08:00November 8, 2016, a date which will live in infamy.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xLWdRLD8fdk/WCTL_SHaiNI/AAAAAAAABBM/HOzQmy9tw3QzmG0u5sD5ojQCPQjZy3_8gCLcB/s1600/WHITEHOUSE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xLWdRLD8fdk/WCTL_SHaiNI/AAAAAAAABBM/HOzQmy9tw3QzmG0u5sD5ojQCPQjZy3_8gCLcB/s320/WHITEHOUSE.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 19px;">AN ACCUMULATION OF MY FB POSTS AND TWEETS FROM BLACK TUESDAY UNTIL TODAY:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Denial: check. Anger: duh!
Bargaining: not fucking yet! Depression: yeah. Acceptance: NEVER!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">For those of you devising
strategies for the future, please consider the following. It was
incomprehensible to us that people would vote for Trump in the face of
overwhelming evidence that they should not. The answer lies in what I
discovered in 45 years as a trial lawyer: most people act on FAITH, not
EVIDENCE. They have "gut feelings," rely on "common sense"
and beliefs that lead them to ignore facts, no matter how evident. Now, it must
be said, liberals are not immune from this. (How else was OJ acquitted?) But generally,
we believe in science, documented proof, data while they rely on prejudice
(which just means pre-judging things based on bias). THESE THINGS ARE DEEPLY
CULTURAL and inbred, encouraged by strong religious values. GOOD NEWS: they are
weakening, very gradually, through education, exposure to OTHER IDEAS AND
DIFFERENT PEOPLE. It has resulted in PROGRESS, but the opposition is stubborn.
Good luck and be patient and persistent. OUT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ronald Reagan’s simple ideology
allowed him to be certain and clear about every issue: lower taxes, secure
defense, less government, American domination of foreign affairs, strict
Christian morality and adherence to normative lifestyles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Trump adds hostility to non-WASP
male dominance. QUESTION: CAN LIBERALS STATE OUR PRINCIPLES AS CLEARLY AND
SIMPLY?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">I think it is hard to do: we don't work on faith
rather than evidence. Our tolerance and reason demand temperance not passion.
Our motto is often: "It depends." We don't hate the other, but want
to understand her POV and feel their pain. Should we be more like them - Bernie
wants a revolution. Is he wrong?.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hey take heart. Trumps admin is
DOA. He can't do what he promised. High pay manufacture jobs won't come back.
He can't stop globalization. If he sends US troops to Mid East he will be Bush
III. If Iran goes nuclear Israel will moan. Dismantling Obamacare will be a
disaster (his favorite word). Corruption and incompetence will be rampant. The
real lasting damage will be the Supreme Court which was always the real prize.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Work for 2018. Hard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The blue collar rust belters
bought a final con. Trump will get their high pay manufacture jobs back from
Mexico? They are about to get another education - in Trump U!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Californians kept the death
penalty in fact voted to expedite executions Then celebrate by getting high on
weed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">An old man's survival advice: the
last time this sort of thing happened (1968-1992) - we found refuge in family
and friends who share our values. Wish the same now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #16191f; font-family: "helvetica"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The white uneducated racist
sexists won their country back. Lets see how they make it white and dumb again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-2967298680292412622016-10-24T20:44:00.003-07:002016-10-24T20:44:45.549-07:00One Person ... Five Votes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SlKboqtB2h0/WA7RoKZfHNI/AAAAAAAABA0/os0K0mjZ_wQvsS7ZTAo6iDxuPqEXsKx_QCLcB/s1600/scales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SlKboqtB2h0/WA7RoKZfHNI/AAAAAAAABA0/os0K0mjZ_wQvsS7ZTAo6iDxuPqEXsKx_QCLcB/s320/scales.jpg" width="318" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">This election is important because of the death of Antonin
Scalia and the aging of other members. The balance of the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is at stake. Both
sides have made this a campaign issue, citing the controversies that cause the
most concern among passionate voters: abortion, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Amendment,
minority rights, criminal justice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><b>An issue that is never mentioned is the most important.</b></i> That
involves interpretation of Article I, section 2 as it relates to the right of
the People to vote in elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1982, SCOTUS, in <i>Karcher v. Daggett</i>, struck down a New
Jersey redistricting scheme. The Court ruled that the 14<sup>th</sup> Amendment
Equal Protection Clause should apply to the right to vote, affirming the
principle of “one person, one vote.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The NJ plan was discriminatory to
minorities by reducing their power vis a vis districts that had a non-minority
majority. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The precedent was followed</b> in <i>Davis v. Bandemer</i>, in 1986.
SCOTUS decided that Indiana’s redistricting plan could be challenged in court,
but the justices split on the standards to apply to the practice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The case was
complicated by the contradictory briefs sent to the court. In Indiana, the
minority Democrats objected to Republican gerrymandering that watered down
Democratic votes. But an amicus brief was filed by Democrats in other states—including
California, where Dems controlled the Legislature and hence the redistricting—urging
the court to stay out of politics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The members of the court agreed that the issue was one that should be presented to the court, but had trouble deciding the appropriate standards for deciding constitutionality. Justices White, Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell and Stevens agreed on parts of the majority opinion, but not others. C.J. Burger, O'Connor, Powell all filed separate opinions concurring, dissenting, joining - in different parts. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Then, in 2004,</b> in <i>Vieth v. Jubelirer,</i> the court ruled that
gerrymandering was a political issue and<b> not</b> a fit subject for the courts. They
upheld Pennsylvania’s plan that eliminated two Democrats from office in the
next election, by redrawing districts after the state lost 2 seats in the 2000
census. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The plurality opinion was written by Antonin Scalia</b>, who denied that he was overruling the precedents, merely following "original intent." He was
joined by C.J. Rehnquist, Sandra Day O’Connor, and Clarence Thomas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Anthony Kennedy concurred, providing the 5<sup>th</sup> and
deciding vote. Kennedy agreed with Scalia that the issue should not be
“justiciable” because he couldn’t think of a way to establish standards for
defining when gerrymandering was unconstitutional, but he didn’t fully agree
with Scalia, hoping that some future court could come up with acceptable
standards. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The dissenting votes</b> in favor of striking the Pennsylvania plan were
J.P.Stevens, David Souter, and Stephen Breyer, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And that is the
current law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>In the “off-year election of 2010</b>, when Democrats were numbed
by the effects of the 2008 crash and the cries against the bail-out and the
bruising fight of the ACA (enacted in March). Republicans elected many
governors and state legislatures. It was a disaster for Democrats and democracy
because it was a Census year, when redistricting is required because population
shifts cause losses or gains of seats in the House of Representatives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The national Republican Party anticipated this and were
ready with computerized plans for gerrymandering Democratic voters out of any
possibility of controlling the House. Districts were redrawn so that all
Democrats were packed in one district. Other districts were drawn so that any
remaining Democrats were outnumbered by Republicans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course this is made possible because African-Americans
make up a large share of Democratic votes. Minority communities are often
densely populated, while minorities are excluded from suburbs and rural areas.
That makes it easy to take a county with a gross majority of Democratic votes
result in more Republicans in Congress than Democrats. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">California eventually tried to solve the confusion that
resulted in radical redistricting every time the Legislature shifted power in
the volatile population state. California often had Republican governors ready
to veto any plan that gave Democrats an edge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">California created a Redistricting Commission that is
nominally impartial, or at least bipartisan. In other democratic countries,
this sort of plan has been in place for many years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>So, a new president will nominate one or more judges,
possibly changing the balance of the court.</b> Since 2004, only Breyer and
Ginsburg on one side, and Thomas on the other side, remain on the court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>If the court gets to decide a redistricting case,</b> will it be
willing to impose a standard for evaluation of redistricting plans based on a
principle of Equal Protection, and one person, one vote?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>And then . . . they could deal with the Voter ID laws
that are clearly aimed at reducing the minority vote. </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-45136061930453911802016-10-23T12:02:00.000-07:002016-10-23T12:02:20.825-07:00Did the democratic process work this time? Yes / No / Maybe. ...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U7K5Lb7X1Z0/WA0HhY9-0AI/AAAAAAAABAc/hwcP_vkVVyUQ78qUlWO0XI9ikYELLSyIACLcB/s1600/buttons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U7K5Lb7X1Z0/WA0HhY9-0AI/AAAAAAAABAc/hwcP_vkVVyUQ78qUlWO0XI9ikYELLSyIACLcB/s320/buttons.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Argument: The democratic process worked this time.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Despite the
messiness of the political process, this election cycle has done what it is
supposed to do. It allowed voters to focus on issues that are at the core of
democracy and governance. And it may – just may - have alleviated the biggest
problem of our democracy: intransigent polarization that prohibits compromise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There will
always be a sizeable percentage of the electorate that opposes the other side.
There are about 120 million votes likely to be cast this time. (That is about
50-60% of the potential number of voters). Even in the most lopsided elections,
a presidential landslide in the popular vote means getting 5% more than your
opponent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In past
wipeouts, the losing side gets 38-40% of the vote — that includes FDR in 1932,
LBJ in ’64, Reagan in 1984. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the
1990’s, losers average more than 45% of the vote; the margin of victory
averages less than 5%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The result
has been an electorate divided down the middle on almost every issue. That
means gridlock . . . divided government, refusal to compromise, divisive
rhetoric. Do nothing Congress . . . high disapproval ratings by everyone
on all sides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Although the media has found some who hate both
alternatives, and some who can’t decide, and some who don’t care . . . the
truth is that there is a clear choice this time and the choice might make a
real difference in our future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>This election may move the needle:</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By his
extreme rhetoric, Trump did us a service: he crystalized for many voters where
they drew the line in their feelings about core democratic values. And many
abandoned him and crossed the line to the other side . . . or at least retreated
to the sidelines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A few
Sanders followers did the same. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Trump may
lose (and Clinton win) by a landslide. His base of supporters may prove to be
smaller than feared. If so, Can this break the deadlock that causes
dissatisfaction with government? Here are the reasons why it might.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Trump’s
small cadre of surrogate spinners hope for a revival of the “silent majority”
that backed Nixon to victory against the “elite liberal media” and “unwashed
protesters” of the time. But their time ended forty years ago. The “majority”
is now reduced to a dwindling minority, overwhelmed and enervated by the rapid
social changes they couldn’t stop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are
far fewer voters who are truly undecided by this time. Our voter turnout is
always low compared to other countries. We take our democracy for granted and
we fail to educate and inspire vast chunks of the population enough to take the
time to pay attention. There is a direct correlation between education and
voter turnout (although college students seem to be impervious to any
inspiration to vote in numbers comparable to the grandparents). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But the
lengthy and loud process that has seen large vocal crowds at events, and high
viewer ratings has been reflected in arguments around water coolers, at parties
and family dinners all over the country for many months. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>More people
paid attention in this cycle, continuing a trend that began with Obama in 2008.
Sanders expanded the base of small donors that Obama had begun. And even Trump
benefitted from a base of donors who might have given to evangelists instead. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Clear choices were offered this time. Despite the cries of
those who complain that neither candidate deserves their vote, the fact is that
a vast majority of people have seen enough differences between them to make up
their minds to vote for one of them and against the other. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The primaries did the job, reflecting the mood of the
people:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- In the Democratic primary, there were two clear choices.
Sanders urged a more radical progressive agenda. Clinton’s program suggested
more incremental progress. Generally, the perception of the radical vs. the
moderate was correct. Clinton supporters argued that Sanders was proposing
unrealistic, unattainable goals. Sanders people distrusted Clinton’s coziness
with the established powers that they felt needed to be fought. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These two
visions and notions were rather sharply drawn and gave voters enough
information to at least think seriously about their own preferences. They gave
Clinton a solid win while forcing her to strongly consider the issues that
Sanders raised. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That is how
it is supposed to work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- The Republican primary exposed the weaknesses of the
party’s established leaders. The Tea Party movement that emerged in 2010 to
elect a sizeable cadre in Congress and took over 30 state houses showed
disillusion with the failure to achieve unrealistic promised goals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
frustrated Right appreciated Trump’s snarly ridicule of those elected
Republicans who failed to overthrow Obama and his far left agenda: Jeb Bush,
Marco Rubio, Chris Christie, John Kasich, Paul Ryan, Mitch McConnell, John
McCain, Mitt Romney – all pitiful compromisers in their view were victims of
Trump’s attacks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From the
perspective of conservative voters, they controlled the Senate and the House,
the Supreme Court, and state governments. Yet, they could not prevent
socialized medicine (Obamacare), destruction of traditional marriage, and the
flow of Hispanics, drugs, and Islamic terrorists. Both Bush presidencies were
disappointments: the federal government grew, the economy shrunk, jobs were
lost, wars were disastrous, our enemies prospered. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- A plurality of Republican voters chose a populist,
narcissist, chauvinist, authoritarian non-politician billionaire to voice their
bitterness at the changes they could not stop. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
immigration / terrorism issues that Trump made the center of his campaign from
his first speech stimulated the portion of my generation that lost every battle
of the cultural wars of the last 60 years, particularly equal rights for
African Americans, women, and homosexuals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Projections
are that America in the near future will no longer be mostly white. Diminishing
white male Christian dominance is a subject for panic for that demographic. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This may be
a last stand for that aging bloc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- Exposure of Trump’s flaws during the long, long campaign
has peeled away huge chunks of Republican voters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First, his
vicious attacks on primary opponents eliminated Bush supporters, Kasich
backers, even Cruz followers. Koch Brothers and other traditional GOP deep
pockets backed off. Of course, he negated any possible inroads into the
Democratic hold of any minority voters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He lost
support from GOP security / military experts with his fixation about Putin, his
impulsive shrugs about nuclear proliferation, and his rash discounting of NATO
as if it was a losing business. His cruel sniping at “loser” McCain as a
captive, and at a Muslim father and mother of an American war hero offended
many patriotic veterans who should have been his most loyal backers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course,
his biggest loss is among almost all women: whatever age, ethnic identity,
working or not, educated or not, Christian or not. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He couldn’t
hide his blatant sexism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
undermined any claim he might have made of moral superiority over the Clintons.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It exposed his outdated notion
of manhood, one that even conservative women with hard drinking dirty joking
husbands could not abide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The choice between Trump and Clinton becomes very
clear. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The debates
produced a clear result. All polls showed that voters favored Clinton by about
2 to 1. That is an enormous margin, especially in a country that has been so
divided for so long.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The debates received record viewing on all media sources
for all age and gender groups. In a campaign where fears of enthusiasm gaps and
voter suppression are rampant, this fact is encouraging. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Of course, Trump is the main reason for the heightened
public fascination with the election news and entertainment. He is his own
reality show, soap opera, talk show, stand-up comedy act. He moves the ratings
needle for cable infotainment like no one. He has received billions in free
airtime from them, and they probably think it was well spent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The possible outcome:</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- Trump may lose the popular vote and electoral college vote
by a landslide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- If Clinton wins big, she may assume she has a mandate for
her program.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BUT: Bill Clinton thought he had a mandate for
change in 1992. He had urged universal health care in the campaign and when he
won, he thought it was what the voters wanted. He spent precious political
capital losing that fight that was led by Hillary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">- Democrats may win control of the Senate, and reduce the
GOP House majority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BUT: The
seats Republicans lose in Congress will probably be those of former “moderate”
or at least less extreme conservatives (like Ayotte of N.H.). This could
stiffen the intransigence against any compromise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The optimistic view:</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Proof that the Tea Party core is not as potent as it was
thought to be (just as the past movements like Christian Coalition showed
weakness) may embolden Paul Ryan to compromise on some issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Clinton’s centrism (given a mandate) may permit her to
deal with Ryan, McCain, Graham, Flake, and a few other rational members of the
loyal opposition. The first and most doable issue might be immigration reform.
Borders and a path to citizenship can be worked out in a comprehensive form
without frittering all her capital. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
advantages to both sides of settling this issue once and for all are so obvious
that it seems that it should be one issue that could be decided, once Trump’s extreme
rhetoric is relegated to an impotent minority on the extreme right. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Whether
Ryan has the courage to risk alienation of even this diminishing constituency
is an open question. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Once having compromised on this issue, he will have to
appear tougher on others, but he can argue a net gain by re-claiming a portion
of the growing Hispanic vote for the party. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Another area ripe for compromise is criminal justice
reform. There is a consensus for change from the Draconian sentences and prison
overpopulation, a return to the emphasis on rehabilitation, and drug programs.
Legalization of marijuana is on the table – if the state experiments in
Colorado and California prove regulation and taxation to be feasible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Clinton will face a challenge from her left on important
economic issues: Taxes, corporate regulation, trade. The wish list includes
college financial relief. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Republicans
will fight these changes, but probably with more traditional arguments. The Tea
Party intransigence that forced government closures proved to lose votes for
the party and the election gives rational leaders the stronger argument. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ryan, the
self-proclaimed Budget maven is going to want to fight for balanced budget,
reduced debt, and the other traditional GOP issues. Warren and Sanders are
going to fight the good fight in Congress over this and Clinton is going to
have to figure what she can get away with. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It will be
a stern test of Clinton’s claimed negotiation skills and experience. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Foreign Policy</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In foreign policy, Trump’s contribution has been to
crystalize the public’s recognition of Putin as a real threat to American
interests in the middle east and eastern Europe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The cyber
war with Russia will heat up and a consensus will emerge to seal the leaks for
security reasons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clinton
will have trouble with her left on foreign trade treaties and humanitarian
efforts in the Middle East and Africa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By
inauguration day, the Mosul offensive may have progressed well, pushing ISIS
out of power in the city and reducing the “caliphate” to a shell of its former
pretensions. Syria will be the next battleground and provide the biggest
foreign policy challenge to the new administration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
foundation laid by Obama: Shiites, Kurds, Syrian rebels, Turks, and US
technology, air power, advice, coaching, intel, rangers . . . rather than
massive US ground forces . . . should allow Clinton some leverage against
Assad & Putin in negotiations for an end to the crisis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clinton
will have to deal with North Korea, Israel, and unforeseen crises. Whether she
will prove to be the hawk / interventionist that liberals and libertarians fear
or whether she will be a wise consensus builder, we can’t tell.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The point
is that the voters this season were presented with clear choices and enough
evidence to decide their future. </i></span><o:p></o:p></div>
Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10689698.post-16095718977755600972016-10-07T10:41:00.000-07:002016-10-07T10:41:22.626-07:00MIS-INFORMING THE ELECTORATE - THE INITIATIVES OF 2016<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B9Cm6BW8HXg/V_fc-hsbZDI/AAAAAAAAA_s/NkbnKh11YusGGqrmSYhV_EwE5yb8EM3gwCLcB/s1600/guide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B9Cm6BW8HXg/V_fc-hsbZDI/AAAAAAAAA_s/NkbnKh11YusGGqrmSYhV_EwE5yb8EM3gwCLcB/s320/guide.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>"The cornerstone of democracy rests on the
foundation of an educated electorate." . . . “An informed citizenry
is at the heart of a dynamic democracy.”- Thomas Jefferson<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I just received my “Official Voter Information Guide” for
the November 8, 2016 election. It is 220 pages of print about the ballot
propositions, which are numbered 51 through 67. That is 17 proposals for
changes in California law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The changes included the extremely serious — whether to the
eliminate the death penalty (62) or facilitate quicker executions (66); place
more limits on firearms (63); modify the parole system to emphasize
rehabilitation (57) . . .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">. . . The usual range of tax measures: school bonds
(51); medi-cal hospital fee (52); revenue bonds (53); tax extension (55);
cigarette tax (56) . . . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A couple of measures that are controversial for special
interest groups: English proficiency (58); political spending by corporations
(59); state prescription drug pricing (61); . . .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">And a few that involve social policy: marijuana legalization
(64); adult film performer condoms (60); carryout (grocery) bag charges (65);
and ban on plastic bags (67).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The book which was prepared by the California Secretary of
State, contains a 9 page “Quick-Reference Guide” that sums up each proposal in
a paragraph, with short arguments for and against. If that is not enough — and
it certainly is not, considering the complexity and gravity of many of these
measures — there follows (page 18-113) the Legislative Analyst’s supposedly
objective estimate of the fiscal effects of each measure; detailed arguments
pro and con by supporters and opponents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Then there are a few pages giving an “Overview of State Bond
Debt” and one with “Candidate’s Statements” by Kamala Harris and Loretta
Sanchez, running for the Senate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Page 118-222 includes the “Text of Proposed Laws,” the
actual language of the statutory<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
constitutional changes suggested by each proposition. It is in the fine print
and legalistic language we lawyers love to use. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DHuSZhmSrxQ/V_fd5bASzsI/AAAAAAAAA_4/i_6WM4XLtkMsZ5kGcy3oxcNCyCYHx25iACLcB/s1600/text.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DHuSZhmSrxQ/V_fd5bASzsI/AAAAAAAAA_4/i_6WM4XLtkMsZ5kGcy3oxcNCyCYHx25iACLcB/s200/text.jpg" width="150" /></a></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">SO, this is democracy at its rawest. The People are asked to
decide issues directly — no legislators or committees or councils intercede. In
the Progressive Era during the early years of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, this
process was considered to be a necessary reform of a corrupt political system.
For many years, federal, state and local legislatures, the judiciary, and
executive offices, all were controlled by an elite group of power brokers:
railroad and oil magnates, real estate tycoons, and political machines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The chosen route to progressive reform was the Referendum,
Initiative and Recall, that sidestepped the professionals and put issues
directly to the voters. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When I first arrived in California in the 1960’s, the
processes mostly had fallen into disuse. The three branches of the political
system seemed to be effective; it was an era of economic and population growth.
The states infrastructure was new and a model for the country. Same with the
education system — state colleges and universities were considered tops (and
mostly tuition free). The El-Hi schools around the state were highly rated.
Funding for the education system was based on local property taxes, on the
social theory that local homeowners had a stake in the education of local
residents. In the growing state, property values were rising each year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But that caused a problem. A fellow named Howard Jarvis had
been around for many years. He was one of many considered “tax kooks” who were
always whining about the rise in taxes. Jarvis and others had often pushed for
laws to limit taxes and spending. He got nowhere with the legislature and
turned to the initiative process. Many times he was unable to get the necessary
signatures even to get on the ballot. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But as real estate continued to boom, home prices soared,
and as a result, people who had bought a modest home years before now found
themselves in houses valued many times more, and had to pay taxes based on the
theoretical market value. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1978, Proposition 13 passed with a two-thirds majority.
It permanently altered the State Constitution to limit real estate taxes to
less than 3% of market value.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">[Over time, the results have been disastrous. California
schools have had to scrounge for funding. The state’s infrastructure continues
to decay. In personal terms the inequity is shocking. If you bought your home
before 1978 and stayed in it, you pay the same minimal property tax although
the value of your house has skyrocketed. Your new neighbor who just bought the
house next door must pay many times the property tax you do.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The floodgates opened after Proposition 13. It has been used
for many other things than tax reform. Due to a series of measures that
constituted a wish list for prosecutors, draconian criminal laws are now in
place. The result is the most crowded death row in the nation, the largest
prison population in the American history, and a justice system that makes it
more likely to convict the innocent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The state legislature is considered by many to be a sick
joke. Term limits — Prop140 in 1990 — eliminated anyone who understood how laws
and government worked. It put the state government firmly in the hands of
lobbyists and powerful interest groups who had all the information at their
fingertips and the passion to push their agendas. In 2012, another initiative
(Prop 28) had to be passed to reform the reform by extending limits to 12 years
in offices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">One look at the 220 page book makes the problem clear.
People don’t understand what they are voting for. They certainly don’t read
this book. For most people their first view of the measures is while examining
their ballot while voting. That is why proponents of measures take great pains
in titling their proposals: “The Victim’s Bill of Rights” is one of my
favorites. Who could possibly vote against that, no matter what it contained
(including things you might not approve if you read it). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">That leaves it up to advertising to “inform” the electorate.
The 30 second ads that inundate the air and now social media prod us one way or
the other with dire warnings or utopian promise for each proposal. If you are
quick and sharp-eyed you might see the underwriting in fine print . . .
“paid for by Americans For . . . (or against) . . . ” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here’s a sample of the current pushers from the
Quick-Refence Guide:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Many begin “Californians for . . .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Eg: “. . . for Quality Schools”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . to Protect Local Control”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . For and Effective Legislature”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . For Hospital Accountability . . .”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . For Budget Stability”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . For English Proficiency”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . for Lower Drug Prices” vs. “. . . Against the
Deceptive Rx Proposition”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“. . . Aganst Waste”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">At the end of the legislative analyst’s pages for each
measure, web sites are named that might lead to the discover the “top 10
contributors” to the measures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xTT_oFf6G1o/V_fdf0rfpDI/AAAAAAAAA_w/fifCIDm8tWEQpWPSd8wGw56Qrejl0iRmgCLcB/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xTT_oFf6G1o/V_fdf0rfpDI/AAAAAAAAA_w/fifCIDm8tWEQpWPSd8wGw56Qrejl0iRmgCLcB/s200/10.jpg" width="150" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">These give you clues to aid your decision making. For
example, Prop 53, “Revenue Bonds,” requires statewide voter approval to sell
more than $2 billion in bonds. Supporters call it the “Stop The Blank Checks
Initiative.” The “Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association” is one of its spokesgroups.
Opponents include “Firefighters” and “Sheriffs” Associations who want continued
local control over funding for infrastructure and capital improvements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The arguments pro and con (and rebuttals to each) are
included in mostly conclusionary mini-essays.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Generally, you are given enough information to at least get
a sense of who is pushing and who is pulling, and why. But is it a better way
to decide this issue than representative government? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">If this was before the state legislature (Senate and
Assembly) committees made of elected representatives of the voters from each
community in the state would consider it by hearing and questioning witnesses
for and against, comparing the evidence, fitting it into the other fiscal and
policy considerations they deal with. They would ask constituents for opinions,
would see where the money is most needed and where wasted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">That is how it is supposed to work. We know that it hasn’t
lived up to ideals, not by a long shot. But look what we have now. We are at the
mercy of the manipulative nature of advertising by the very special interest
elites that the Initiative process was intended to protect us from. It adds to
the polarization of voters: automatic knee-jerk reaction: against any taxes or
spending for anything . . . and then complain about how education fails
and the potholes and the broken water lines . . . basing justice reform on
anecdotal evidence — a drug dealer gets off in Sacramento . . . so change
the state law that has worked for years and incarcerate a generation of young
men with no hope . . . until we might pass another initiative when we
finally wake up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mortimerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10258255437279886326noreply@blogger.com0